----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. Also for entertainment and educational purposes. All rights to the original works go to those that hold them, no copyright infringement intended. All material used falls under fair use of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) for commentary, criticism, education and satire. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . Description/Info Box: --------------------- . Title: Immaculate Constellation: The truth behind the "Light Orbs" being seen. Documentary . LogicBeforeAuthority 102K subscribers 13,386 views Premiered 21 hours ago . The Ministry of Daniel Alexander Cannon, https://www.thesupernatural.show/ The Supernatural Show Direct Phone: 843-402-8827 . Ways To Support The Supernatural Show & It's Host & Co-host: Daniel's Support & Tip Links: (Shannon's are below) . . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Source: "Serene_Christine" https://old.bitchute.com/video/BHiE2IauAVNN . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . This channel is not paid by any third party to promote anything You can always donate to me or my channel. All help is very much appreciated. https://paypal.me/kbenweg Or you can give a cup of coffee/sandwich to someone in need... (This would bring me even more joy) . Thank you for watching, God bless, and I love you all!!! 🙏 . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Subscribe to other channels: . Free Your Mind Videos https://rumble.com/c/FYMVideos Only if Rumble is down (or deletes) videos, those will be posted on the Backup Channels! Backup Channel on Odysee: https://odysee.com/@Tim:ab74 Backup Channel on Bitchute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/ThkAWbd3XR2T/ . Christian Teachings And Documentaries https://rumble.com/c/c-1328393 . Sound The Trumpet Ministries: https://rumble.com/c/c-1123613 . Praise & Worship Music: https://rumble.com/c/c-3348236 . Telegram Channel: "Blocked & Banned" https://t.me/BlockedAndBanned => Group chat added where everyone can comment! https://t.me/BlockedAndBanned1 . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . NOTE: These are not necessarily the beliefs of the uploader. Discernment is required to see the Truth in all of it. Jesus is the Way, the Truth and the Life. Jesus Christ is the Light that came into the world. There is NO other name by which you can be saved! Repent, be baptized and Born Again! . COMMENT ✅ THUMBSUP 👍🏻 SUBSCRIBE ⚠️ AND BE NOTIFIED 🙋🏼 . COMMENT POLICY: Thanks for watching 👍 Please keep comments on topic and value-add. Comments, where it is obvious the person did not watch the video, will be deleted. Comments containing arrested-developed behavior (nastiness, belligerence, stupidity, trolling, spam, links, etc.) will also be deleted (without notice) and banned from the channel. No self-promotion/advertising! . If my posts ruffled your feathers. Don't be a chicken! Take it before God and make the changes you need to better your life. God bless you 🙏 . Making tantrums about why you're unsubscribing: If i notice your cry for help i will do anything possible (mute/block/ban) To make sure you don't get back here by mistake, for your safety. Opposing views will be posted and feelings will get hurt. So this channel is NOT a safe space for you!! Hope you find better pasture somewhere else . -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. Also for entertainment and educational purposes. All rights to the original works go to those that hold them, no copyright infringement intended. All material used falls under fair use of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) for commentary, criticism, education and satire. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . Description/Info Box: --------------------- . Title: Unbelievable Prescient Video Predicts Human Rabies Epidemic and Deadly "Flu" Shots . ZOMBIE APOCALYPSE: IT'S IN THE SHOTS: This video was banned on YouTube (for obvious reasons), but it was made back in 2014 as Anthony Patch had discovered research that was already being conducted on new vaccines that change your God-given DNA! . Also listen in as Anthony discusses the zombie apocalypse and how rabies ties into it all. The CDC has a zombie apocalypse guide that slipped out a few years ago. . Source: NIGHTBREED . . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Source: "NEM-Truth-Videos" https://old.bitchute.com/video/RvJi7JbTv5CJ/ . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . This channel is not paid by any third party to promote anything You can always donate to me or my channel. All help is very much appreciated. https://paypal.me/kbenweg Or you can give a cup of coffee/sandwich to someone in need... (This would bring me even more joy) . Thank you for watching, God bless, and I love you all!!! 🙏 . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Subscribe to other channels: . Free Your Mind Videos https://rumble.com/c/FYMVideos Only if Rumble is down (or deletes) videos, those will be posted on the Backup Channels! Backup Channel on Odysee: https://odysee.com/@Tim:ab74 Backup Channel on Bitchute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/ThkAWbd3XR2T/ . Christian Teachings And Documentaries https://rumble.com/c/c-1328393 . Sound The Trumpet Ministries: https://rumble.com/c/c-1123613 . Praise & Worship Music: https://rumble.com/c/c-3348236 . Telegram Channel: "Blocked & Banned" https://t.me/BlockedAndBanned => Group chat added where everyone can comment! https://t.me/BlockedAndBanned1 . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . NOTE: These are not necessarily the beliefs of the uploader. Discernment is required to see the Truth in all of it. Jesus is the Way, the Truth and the Life. Jesus Christ is the Light that came into the world. There is NO other name by which you can be saved! Repent, be baptized and Born Again! . COMMENT ✅ THUMBSUP 👍🏻 SUBSCRIBE ⚠️ AND BE NOTIFIED 🙋🏼 . COMMENT POLICY: Thanks for watching 👍 Please keep comments on topic and value-add. Comments, where it is obvious the person did not watch the video, will be deleted. Comments containing arrested-developed behavior (nastiness, belligerence, stupidity, trolling, spam, links, etc.) will also be deleted (without notice) and banned from the channel. No self-promotion/advertising! . If my posts ruffled your feathers. Don't be a chicken! Take it before God and make the changes you need to better your life. God bless you 🙏 . Making tantrums about why you're unsubscribing: If i notice your cry for help i will do anything possible (mute/block/ban) To make sure you don't get back here by mistake, for your safety. Opposing views will be posted and feelings will get hurt. So this channel is NOT a safe space for you!! Hope you find better pasture somewhere else . -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. Also for entertainment and educational purposes. All rights to the original works go to those that hold them, no copyright infringement intended. All material used falls under fair use of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) for commentary, criticism, education and satire. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . Description/Info Box: --------------------- . Title: Chemical Lobotomy - The Brains of The Vaxxed will slowly deteriorate . . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Source: "Candy" https://old.bitchute.com/video/7iHJB0pnsW23/ . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . This channel is not paid by any third party to promote anything You can always donate to me or my channel. All help is very much appreciated. https://paypal.me/kbenweg Or you can give a cup of coffee/sandwich to someone in need... (This would bring me even more joy) . Thank you for watching, God bless, and I love you all!!! 🙏 . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Subscribe to other channels: . Free Your Mind Videos https://rumble.com/c/FYMVideos Only if Rumble is down (or deletes) videos, those will be posted on the Backup Channels! Backup Channel on Odysee: https://odysee.com/@Tim:ab74 Backup Channel on Bitchute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/ThkAWbd3XR2T/ . Christian Teachings And Documentaries https://rumble.com/c/c-1328393 . Sound The Trumpet Ministries: https://rumble.com/c/c-1123613 . Praise & Worship Music: https://rumble.com/c/c-3348236 . Telegram Channel: "Blocked & Banned" https://t.me/BlockedAndBanned => Group chat added where everyone can comment! https://t.me/BlockedAndBanned1 . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . NOTE: These are not necessarily the beliefs of the uploader. Discernment is required to see the Truth in all of it. Jesus is the Way, the Truth and the Life. Jesus Christ is the Light that came into the world. There is NO other name by which you can be saved! Repent, be baptized and Born Again! . COMMENT ✅ THUMBSUP 👍🏻 SUBSCRIBE ⚠️ AND BE NOTIFIED 🙋🏼 . COMMENT POLICY: Thanks for watching 👍 Please keep comments on topic and value-add. Comments, where it is obvious the person did not watch the video, will be deleted. Comments containing arrested-developed behavior (nastiness, belligerence, stupidity, trolling, spam, links, etc.) will also be deleted (without notice) and banned from the channel. No self-promotion/advertising! . If my posts ruffled your feathers. Don't be a chicken! Take it before God and make the changes you need to better your life. God bless you 🙏 . Making tantrums about why you're unsubscribing: If i notice your cry for help i will do anything possible (mute/block/ban) To make sure you don't get back here by mistake, for your safety. Opposing views will be posted and feelings will get hurt. So this channel is NOT a safe space for you!! Hope you find better pasture somewhere else . -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. Also for entertainment and educational purposes. All rights to the original works go to those that hold them, no copyright infringement intended. All material used falls under fair use of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) for commentary, criticism, education and satire. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . Description/Info Box: --------------------- . Title: CPS is STEALING Kids from Christians, Gun-Owners, Un-Jabbed and Military Families! . Source: Stew Peters . . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Source: "NEM-Truth-Videos" https://old.bitchute.com/video/oaa5XI1lGvgJ/ . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . This channel is not paid by any third party to promote anything You can always donate to me or my channel. All help is very much appreciated. https://paypal.me/kbenweg Or you can give a cup of coffee/sandwich to someone in need... (This would bring me even more joy) . Thank you for watching, God bless, and I love you all!!! 🙏 . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Subscribe to other channels: . Free Your Mind Videos https://rumble.com/c/FYMVideos Only if Rumble is down (or deletes) videos, those will be posted on the Backup Channels! Backup Channel on Odysee: https://odysee.com/@Tim:ab74 Backup Channel on Bitchute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/ThkAWbd3XR2T/ . Christian Teachings And Documentaries https://rumble.com/c/c-1328393 . Sound The Trumpet Ministries: https://rumble.com/c/c-1123613 . Praise & Worship Music: https://rumble.com/c/c-3348236 . Telegram Channel: "Blocked & Banned" https://t.me/BlockedAndBanned => Group chat added where everyone can comment! https://t.me/BlockedAndBanned1 . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . NOTE: These are not necessarily the beliefs of the uploader. Discernment is required to see the Truth in all of it. Jesus is the Way, the Truth and the Life. Jesus Christ is the Light that came into the world. There is NO other name by which you can be saved! Repent, be baptized and Born Again! . COMMENT ✅ THUMBSUP 👍🏻 SUBSCRIBE ⚠️ AND BE NOTIFIED 🙋🏼 . COMMENT POLICY: Thanks for watching 👍 Please keep comments on topic and value-add. Comments, where it is obvious the person did not watch the video, will be deleted. Comments containing arrested-developed behavior (nastiness, belligerence, stupidity, trolling, spam, links, etc.) will also be deleted (without notice) and banned from the channel. No self-promotion/advertising! . If my posts ruffled your feathers. Don't be a chicken! Take it before God and make the changes you need to better your life. God bless you 🙏 . Making tantrums about why you're unsubscribing: If i notice your cry for help i will do anything possible (mute/block/ban) To make sure you don't get back here by mistake, for your safety. Opposing views will be posted and feelings will get hurt. So this channel is NOT a safe space for you!! Hope you find better pasture somewhere else . -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Watch Party tonight OCCUPIED https://discord.gg/NcQk3Ypu https://discord.gg/eG3S5cX4?event=1310290878211821609

'Conspiracy of Silence' is a powerful, disturbing documentary revealing a nationwide child abuse and pedophilia ring that leads to the highest levels of government. Featuring intrepid investigator John DeCamp, a highly decorated Vietnam war veteran and 16-year Nebraska state senator, "Conspiracy of Silence" reveals how rogue elements at all levels of government have been involved in systematic child abuse and pedophilia. Originally scheduled to air in May of 1994 on the Discovery Channel, “Conspiracy of Silence” was yanked at the last minute due to formidable pressure applied by top politicians. Conspiracy of Silence (1993) https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8300048/ https://t.me/Secret_history1/9612 'Conspiracy of Silence' Child Abuse & Pedophile Rings Exposed Documentary [1993] https://old.bitchute.com/search/?query=kim%20conspiracy%20of%20silence&kind=video&sort=new https://old.bitchute.com/channel/osboel/

The Roots of the Jewish Mafia (2016) World's Last Chance presents a documentary detailing through scripture the difference between those who are of true Jewish decent, and those who claim to be Jews but are actually infiltrators using anti-semitism narratives in order to control the masses in an effort to create world dominance for themselves. For other documentaries and resources, visit World's Last Chance. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this broadcast are of those of the content of this broadcast and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities related to and of Truth Talk America Network. You are encouraged to do your own research. The Michelle Moore Show (Weekdays) 3 p.m. - 4 p.m. CST 4 p.m. - 5 p.m. EST Michelle’s Links: WAVWatch: https://buy.wavwatch.com/?ref=MICHELLE100 Enter CODE: MICHELLE100 at checkout to save $100 on your order! Universal Coin and Bullion (Gold & Silver): https://www.universalcoin.com/michellemoore?cn=NTTAMWB0124 1-800-321-8700 *Mention 'The Michelle Moore Show' when you call! Dr. Michelle's Tooth Powder & Dental Products: https://livingwellwithdrmichelle.com/shop/?sld=michellem (Use the Code: MICHELLEM @ Checkout to save 10% on your purchase!) Safe Sleeve: https://www.safesleevecases.com/?afmc=20i&utm_campaign=20i&utm_source=leaddyno&utm_medium=affiliate USE CODE: FIRST10 for 10% off your first purchase! WEBSITE: http://MichelleMooreShow.com or https://linktr.ee/gomichellemoore WHERE TO WATCH: TRUTH TALK AMERICA NETWORK: https://TruthTalkAmerica.com RUMBLE: https://Rumble.com/TheMichelleMooreShow RUMBLE: https://Rumble.com/TruthTalkAmerica ODYSEE: https://www.odysee.com/@TheMichelleMooreShow BITCHUTE: https://BitChute.com/TheMichelleMooreShow TWITTER: https://Twitter.com/SheShedTruther TELEGRAM: https://t.me/gomichelle YOUTUBE: https://YouTube.com/@SheShedTruther SOCIAL MEDIA: FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/leadershippower TELEGRAM: https://t.me/gomichelle TRUTH SOCIAL: https://truthsocial.com/@gomichellemoore TWITTER: https://Twitter.com/SheShedTruther INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/gomichellemoore/ LINKEDIN: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gomichellemoore The opinions and information expressed on this show are of the guests and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Michelle Moore or anyone associated with this show.

source iEarlGreyTV 💥💥💥WAKE THE FUCK UP!!!💥💥💥 👹👹‼️❗️‼️ Ukraine 🇺🇦 raises children in factories for elite pedophiles, Russia saves children - Western media and intelligence agencies quickly dismissed Russian claims about child farms in Ukraine, calling them the latest "Russian disinformation campaign." --->>>> https://rumble.com/v28mxmm-pur-evil-ukro-nazis-slaughtered-children-like-cattle-for-organ-trafficking-.html - PUR EVIL ⚡️Nazis Slaughtered Children Like Cattle for Organ Trafficking ADRENOCHROME HARVESTING - Operation Flicker - CHILDSEX TRAFFICKING, CHILDPORN, ADRENOCHROME & ORGAN HARVESTING --->>> https://rumble.com/v2z4fxc-operation-flicker-childsex-trafficking-childporn-adrenochrome-and-organ-har.html - PUR EVIL UKRAINE - CHILDREN AS SEX SLAVES and ORGAN HARVESTING PRODUCTS ---->>> https://rumble.com/v2jm49u-pur-evil-ukraine-children-as-sex-slaves-and-organ-harvesting-products.html - ❗FACTS! the law on organ trafficking! Everyone in Ukraine knows about the dirty organ trafficking business in which the EU is also involved. They don't want that to come out. - "Draft legislative acts Draft law amending certain legal acts (Health Law No. 411/1995 - Article 33; Law on Transplantation of Human Organs, Tissues and Cells No. 42/2008 - Articles 1, 6, 9; etc.)" -->>>> https://rumble.com/v2eg9xq-pur-evil-nazis-slaughtered-children-like-cattle-for-organ-trafficking-adren.html - 🔥 DUMBS - IT'S ALL ABOUT THE CHILDREN - ADRENOCHROME HARVESTING OF BABIES & CHILDREN ---->>>> https://rumble.com/v2jnba0-dumbs-its-all-about-the-children-adrenochrome-harvesting-of-babies-and-chil.html - 🔥 CHILDREN EATING CHILDREN! ANIMAL HYBRIDS! UKRAINE'S HUGE UNDERGROUND BIOLAB HORROR SHOW! --->>> https://rumble.com/v2hrk3w-children-eating-children-animal-hybrids-ukraines-huge-underground-biolab-ho.html - 🔥 UKRAINIAN'S DEEPEST MILAB HUB WW EXPOSED! UNBELIEVABLE CRIMES COMMITTED AGAINST CHILDREN! --->>>> https://rumble.com/v2hrlhi-ukrainians-deepest-milab-hub-ww-exposed-unbelievable-crimes-committed-again.html - TANKS for KIDNEYS | RT Documentary -Organ harvesting - black market transplants - CrimesAgainstHumanity --->>> https://rumble.com/v2t29jy-tanks-for-kidneys-rt-documentary-crimesagainsthumanity.html

Sex Slaves is a gripping documentary expose inside the global sex trade in women from the former Soviet Bloc. The film takes viewers into the shadowy, multi-billion dollar world of sex trafficking. Source I Love DOCS http://tiny.cc/IloveDocs - Remember this from 2020? ⚔ THE INVISIBLE WAR ⚔ --->>> https://rumble.com/v31rb40-remember-this-from-2020-the-invisible-war.html - Operation Flicker - CHILDSEX TRAFFICKING, CHILDPORN, ADRENOCHROME & ORGAN HARVESTING -->>> https://rumble.com/v2z4fxc-operation-flicker-childsex-trafficking-childporn-adrenochrome-and-organ-har.html - 🔥 CANNIBALISM IS VERY REAL - IT'S ONE OF PEDOWOODS DEEPEST & DARKEST SECRETS -->> https://rumble.com/v1kwdt1-cannibalism-is-very-real-its-one-of-pedowoods-deepest-and-darkest-secrets.html - 🔥 CANNIBALISM EXPOSED, PROTECT THE CHILDREN, WOMEN'S RIGHTS, DECEPTION AND MRNA UPDATE! --->>> https://rumble.com/v2la218-cannibalism-exposed-protect-the-children-womens-rights-deception-and-mrna-u.html ———————————————— ☕️🔥 if our work is useful for you, we appreciate your support by buying us a coffee ☕️ Big Thank you for your support - WWG1WGA --->>> ☕️🔥 https://www.buymeacoffee.com/FCKtheNWO ———————————————— > SECURE SURFING in the INTERNET > YOU CANT ACCESS RUMBLE? e.g in FRANCE or somewhere else? - >>>> WE RECOMMEND OUR VPN PARTNER >>> http://tiny.cc/VPN PRIVATE INTERNET ACCESS http://tiny.cc/privateinternetaccess ————————————————

2024-06-25: Video Credit #RealGeneDecode - Ukraine's Evil Secret That The World Needs To Know - In this extremely important News Flash update, gene Decode and members of the Blessed For Service team cover some very difficult subjects about what is -- and has been --- going on in Ukraine -- including organ harvesting, human and child trafficking and more. We recommend that this NOT be listened to before you go to sleep and to keep children out of the room as some of these subjects are very disturbing. SOURCE ONLY and TRUE links: Website: www.genedecode.org Blessed For Service website: www.blessedforservice.org Rumble: https://rumble.com/user/RealGeneDecode ___________________________________ 🔥 Khazarian Mafia: SATANISTS 🔥 - CANNIBALS, ADRENOCHROME and The God Eaters PART 1 of 2 --->>> https://rumble.com/v4cmd4r-khazarian-mafia-satanists-cannibals-adrenochrome-and-the-god-eaters-part-1-.html - 🔥 RUSSIA BUSTS ADRENOCHROME SUPPLY CHAIN, HUNTING DOWN EVERYONE INVOLVED --->>> https://rumble.com/v538503-russia-busts-adrenochrome-supply-chain-hunting-down-everyone-involved.html - ⚠️🔞 ORGAN HARVESTING 🔞⚠️ --->>> https://rumble.com/v4rbswt--organ-harvesting-.html - ⚠️🔞 TANKS FOR KIDNEYS What's really happening to Ukrainians, civilians and soldiers alike. What are NATO, The EU, and others funding? How are The Red Cross and Doctors Without Borders involved? ---->>> https://rumble.com/v2t29jy-tanks-for-kidneys-rt-documentary-crimesagainsthumanity.html - 🇺🇦⚡️⚡️ Ukrainian battalions sell children's organs - former OSCE employee --->>> https://rumble.com/v30df9c--ukrainian-battalions-sell-childrens-organs-former-osce-employee.html - Agent Zelensky - Part 1 - researched by Scott Ritter >>>> http://tiny.cc/AgentZelenskyPart1 - "They're all dead, and Ukraine has no real men left" - Scott Ritter | Redacted with Clayton Morris --->>> https://rumble.com/v310uvu-theyre-all-dead-and-ukraine-has-no-real-men-left-scott-ritter-redacted-with.html - TANKS in exchange for ORGANS --->>> https://truthsocial.com/@exposethepedosendofthecabal/110553814466344169 - ⚠️🔞 HUMAN TRAFFICKING, ORGAN HARVESTING in UKRAINE and BEYOND --->>> https://rumble.com/v2qwno2-human-trafficking-organ-harvesting-.html - 💥💥💥WAKE THE FCK UP!!!💥💥💥 ⚠️🔞 👹👹‼️‼️ Ukraine 🇺🇦 raises children in factories for elite pedophiles, Russia saves children --->>> https://rumble.com/v2kqeta-u.s.-harvesting-childrens-organs-in-ukraine.-why-western-fascist-mercenarie.html - ⚠️🔞 ORGAN and HUMAN TRAFFICKIBG KOSOVO --->>>> https://t.me/deNAZIficationMilitaryQperationZ/7336?single - ⚠️🔞🔥 DUMBS - IT'S ALL ABOUT THE CHILDREN - ADRENOCHROME HARVESTING OF BABIES & CHILDREN ---->>> https://rumble.com/v2jnba0-dumbs-its-all-about-the-children-adrenochrome-harvesting-of-babies-and-chil.html - 🔥 Eye of the devil - Organized Human Trafficking ---->>> https://rumble.com/v2pb2oa-eye-of-the-devil-organized-human-trafficking.html - 🔥 UKRAINIAN'S DEEPEST MILAB HUB WW EXPOSED! UNBELIEVABLE CRIMES COMMITTED AGAINST CHILDREN! --->>> https://rumble.com/v2hrlhi-ukrainians-deepest-milab-hub-ww-exposed-unbelievable-crimes-committed-again.html - This psyop started before ww1 - reptos EATING children's BRAIN and drink adrenochrome to keep their shapeshifting ability - REPTOS ARE REAL AND YOU BUT MORE PREFERED YOUR CHILDREN ARE FOOD and energy sources 🔥🔥 ADRENOCHROME 🔥🔥 --->>> https://rumble.com/v2t633o-satanic-death-cult-adrenochrome-exposed.html - 🔥 THE BLACK HATS = THE BROTHERHOOD - (U.S) military satanic child RAPISTS, MURDERER and NAZI war criminalS .. 70 YEARS OF INDOCDRINATION --->>> https://rumble.com/v21bd9y-kay-griggs-on-the-mob-roots-of-us-blackhat-military-and-the-brotherhoods-mi.html - ☣️ Pentagon confirms Ukraine's role in ☣️ biodefense" with 46 biolabs --->>> https://rumble.com/v1qzlcu-pentagon-confirms-ukraines-role-in-biodefense-with-46-biolabs.html - 🔥🍕 WHISTLEBLOWER EXPOSING PENATAGON AND CHILDSEX TRAFFICKING --->>> https://rumble.com/v1jkh1r-childsex-trafficking-all-pedocriminals-are-tracked.html - ⚠️🔞 🔥 HUMAN TRAFFICKING, ORGAN HARVESTING in UKRAINE and BEYOND --->>> https://rumble.com/v2qwno2-human-trafficking-organ-harvesting-.html - 🔥 THE WAR IS ON! 3: RUSSIA VS THE CHILD PREDATORS --->>> https://rumble.com/v2v7b3k-the-war-is-on-3-russia-vs-the-child-predators.html - 🔥 Children of Donbass / 2022 #Ukraine #Donbass -->>> https://rumble.com/v1oavs3-children-of-donbass-2022-ukraine-donbass.html - 🔥 Children of Donbass - THE WAR IS ON! CHILDREN vs THE NAZIS #SaveOurChildren -->>>>> https://rumble.com/v1odju5-children-of-donbass-the-war-is-on-children-vs-the-nazis-saveourchildren.html ———————————————— WE ARE STANDING WITH THE GOOD SOULS OF RUSSIA, UKRAINE and the WORLDS ———————————————— CHANNEL DISCLAIMER ©️ COPYRIGHT / LICENSING we invite every content owner and video producer to contact us by email (SpecialMilitaryOperation@proton.me) #StongerTogether - WWG1WGA ———————————————— Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 19v76, allowance is made for "fair use" for purpose such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. IF YOU HAVE ANY LICENSE ISSUES, PLEASE CONTACT US BY EMAIL((SpecialMilitaryOperation@proton.me) to RESOLVE THE PROBLEM and discuss a COOPERATION ———————————————— JOIN the RUMBLE CHANNELS >>> 🔥 CrimesAgainstHumanity 🔥 >>> http://tiny.cc/NAZIwarCRIMES - BioWeaponLabs ☣️ Biological Warfare ☣️ --->>> https://rumble.com/c/BioWeapons ———————————————— #EarthAlliance ⚔ 🇷🇺 FORWARD RUSSIA 🇷🇺 ⚔ DENAZIFICATION IS THE ONLY WAY Join us on Telegram -->> StrongerTogether https://t.me/deNAZIficationMilitaryQperationZ in ALLIANCE with https://t.me/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND https://rumble.com/c/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND ———————————————— ☕️🔥 if our work is useful for you, we appreciate your support in buying us a coffee ☕️ . this helps us to keep the pace and bring the Real News, Backgrounds and Facts out to you day by day Thank you for your support - #StongerTogether --->>> ☕️🔥 https://www.buymeacoffee.com/denazification

APRIL 2023 - 'This is allowed and legitimised. A completely terrorist state has been built on the territory of Ukraine. That wouldn't have happened if their Western curators hadn't facilitated it'. Adviser to the head of LPR Anna Soroka is telling about Kiev regime war crimes on the terrotiry of Donbass. The brutal suppression of dissent, the murder of Donbass civilians by their own government — Western media reported none of this. There are journalists who believe people in the West should have an opportunity to learn the true story behind this conflict. Watch the video to learn more about them. 🌊 MilitaryWave - 🔥 Khazarian Mafia: CANNIBALS, ADRENOCHROME and The God Eaters ---->>> https://rumble.com/v4bzuzo-khazarian-mafia-the-god-eaters-part-2-of-2.html - 💥💣THE CIA & the history of Ukrainian terrorism & NAZISM --->>> https://rumble.com/v57r5dh-the-cia-and-the-history-of-ukrainian-terrorism-and-nazism.html - Neo-Nazi movements in Ukraine --->>> https://rumble.com/v57r4id-neo-nazi-movements-in-ukraine.html - Operation Ukraine: Terror on Demand | RT Documentary - CrimesAgainstHumanity NAZIwarCRIMES --->>> https://rumble.com/v2v7sf9-operation-ukraine-terror-on-demand-rt-documentary-crimesagainsthumanity-naz.html - ⚠️VIEWER BEWARE⚠️ CONTENT 18+ / 🔞‼️CONTENT 18+ / 🔞‼️ NAZI CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY BURNING VICTIMS ALIVE --->> https://rumble.com/v1sbi9i-viewer-beware-content-18-content-18-nazi-crimes-against-humanity.html - Ukrainian Soldiers Execute Prisoners Of War – Admits U.S. Mercenary - NAZI WAR CRIMES ---->>>> https://rumble.com/v22tma4-ukrainian-soldiers-execute-prisoners-of-war-admits-u.s.-mercenary-nazi-war-.html - RUSSIAN CASTRATED WITH A BOX CUTTER BY A UKRAINIAN NAZI! ---->>> https://rumble.com/v1jmjgd-russian-castrated-with-a-box-cutter-by-a-ukrainian-nazi.html - Children of Donbass / 2022 #Ukraine #Donbass -->> https://rumble.com/v1oavs3-children-of-donbass-2022-ukraine-donbass.html - 🔞❗️❗️❗️ PUR EVIL 🔥🔥NAZI WAR CRIMES🔥🔥 - NAZI WAR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY IN UKRAINE -->> https://rumble.com/v1jd2y1-nazi-war-crimes-against-humanity-in-ukraine.html - Torture in 'The Library' - pur evil NAZIS -->> https://rumble.com/v1jxcz7-torture-in-the-library-pur-evil-nazis.html - NAZI WAR CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY - TESTIMONIES -->> https://rumble.com/v1mx3gl-nazi-war-crimes-against-humanity-testimonies.html - In the video, a Ukrainian tank runs over a wounded Russian soldier, and his movement is corrected from a ukrainian drone -->> https://rumble.com/v1qp7he-pur-evil-nazi-bastards-nazi-war-crimes.html - ‼️U.S. mercenaries with M2 Browning machine guns in an American Humvee storm the villages of Kharkiv‼️ -->> https://rumble.com/v1jd2y1-nazi-war-crimes-against-humanity-in-ukraine.html - Nazi volunteer battalion allegedly blew up a school for disabled children -->> https://rumble.com/v1p0zr7-nazi-crimes-against-humanity-pur-evil.html - NAZI WAR CRIMES - 'They jabbed me with needles' | Tortured Russian soldiers return home -->> https://rumble.com/v1lfq4d-nazi-war-crimes-they-jabbed-me-with-needles-tortured-russian-soldiers-retur.html - DENAZIFICATION - Operation Liberation / FULL DOKU 2022 -->> https://rumble.com/v1k6k41-denazification-operation-liberation-full-doku-2022.html - DOKU: UKRAINE ON FIRE & FUCK THE EU (NULAND) -->> https://rumble.com/v1jjrut-doku-ukraine-on-fire-and-fuck-the-eu-nuland.html - Donbass War: Summer 2014 -->> https://rumble.com/v1jxg03-donbass-war-summer-2014.html - C.I.A - 70 YEARS IN UKRAINE -->>> https://rumble.com/v1k5uz1-the-cia-70-years-in-ukraine.html - 8 LONG YEARS OF NAZI TERROR and the BATTLE FOR LIBERTY - IN MEMORY of Mikhail "Givi" Tolstykh and all HEROS --->>> https://rumble.com/v1mb9vu-8-long-years-of-nszi-terror-and-the-battle-for-liberty.html - Today, 30.09.2022, Mikhail Tolstykh smiles down on Donbass as they have finally joined his beloved Russia. - Known by his call sign "Givi", he became the hero of the Donetsk People's Republic, leading many successful offensives before being murdered in a cowardly attack by Ukrainian intelligence. -->> https://rumble.com/v1m7iem-today-mikhail-tolstykh-smiles-down-on-donbass-as-they-have-finally-joined-h.html?mref=7ju1&mrefc=6 - deNAZIFICATION - Мобилизация | Mobilization RUWC #46 -->> https://rumble.com/v1m8n76-denazification-mobilization-ruwc-46.html?mref=7ju1&mrefc=8 - deNAZIfication - "Victory always begins with faith in it... FORWARD RUSSIA -->> https://rumble.com/v1m4fie-denazification-victory-always-begins-with-faith-in-it...-forward-russia.html?mref=7ju1&mrefc=9 - MOVING FORWARD - Russia is liberating NAZI occupied MOTHERLAND SOIL BACK -->> https://rumble.com/v1jq7ql-moving-forward-russia-is-liberating-nazi-occupied-motherland-soil-back.html - Forward Russia ---->>>> https://rumble.com/v1kou6l-forward-russia-by-oleg-gazmanov.html - DeNAZIFICATION - MOVING FORWARD -->> https://rumble.com/v1kbvjn-denazification-moving-forward.html - deNAZIfication - RUSSIAN SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION O V Z -->> https://rumble.com/v1j6z6q-russian-heros.html - THE BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION - DARKNESS DESCENDS - THE UNTOLD STORY OF THE BOLSHEVIKS, THE ROMANOVS, THE KULAKS & HOLODOMOR & THE GREATEST MASSACRE OF INNOCENT LIVES IN HUMAN HISTORY ---->> https://rumble.com/v1jhzux--the-bolshevik-revolution-darkness-descends.html ———————————————— JOIN the RUMBLE CHANNEL >>> 🔥 CrimesAgainstHumanity 🔥 >>> http://tiny.cc/NAZIwarCRIMES ———————————————— WE STAND WITH THE GOOD SOULS OF RUSSIA, UKRAINE and the WORLDS ———————————————— CHANNEL DISCLAIMER ©️ COPYRIGHT / LICENSING we invite every content owner and video producer to contact us by email (SpecialMilitaryOperation@proton.me) #StongerTogether - WWG1WGA ———————————————— #EarthAlliance ⚔ 🇷🇺 FORWARD RUSSIA 🇷🇺 ⚔ Join us on Telegram -->> StrongerTogether https://t.me/deNAZIficationMilitaryQperationZ in ALLIANCE with https://t.me/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND ———————————————— ☕️🔥 if our work is useful for you, we appreciate your support in buying us a coffee ☕️ . this helps us to keep the pace and bring the Real News, Backgrounds and Facts out to you day by day Thank you for your support - #StongerTogether --->>> ☕️🔥 https://www.buymeacoffee.com/denazification ———————————————— > SECURE SURFING in the INTERNET > YOU CANT ACCESS RUMBLE? e.g in FRANCE or somewhere else? - >>>> WE RECOMMEND OUR VPN PARTNER >>> http://tiny.cc/VPN PRIVATE INTERNET ACCESS >>> http://tiny.cc/privateinternetaccess ————————————————

'The methods used now by the Ukrainian Security Service are indeed similar to those used by Ukrainian nationalists in the 1930s and 1940s. It was the OUN's security service that invented about 135 ways to retrieve intelligence'. Terror attacks carrying out by Kiev regime militants today are methods designed back in Soviet times. Watch the video for more. 🌊 MilitaryWave - 🔥 Khazarian Mafia: CANNIBALS, ADRENOCHROME and The God Eaters ---->>> https://rumble.com/v4bzuzo-khazarian-mafia-the-god-eaters-part-2-of-2.html - 🔥 Ukraine: Drug Testing Ground - MK-Ultra' was a secret CIA project with origins in Nazi Germany ---->>> https://rumble.com/v33pxhe-ukraine-drug-testing-ground-mk-ultra-was-a-secret-cia-project-with-origins-.html - 🔥 Operation Ukraine: NAZI Crimes without Punishment / 2022 J https://rumble.com/v1ob23l-operation-ukraine-nazi-crimes-without-punishment-2022.html - 🇷🇺⚔SOMEONE HAD TO DO IT! THANK YOU DEAR HERO PUTIN, GOD BLESS YOU and the ENTIRE RUSSIAN and Earth- and GalacticAlliance FORCES ---->>> https://rumble.com/v1orcg2-someone-had-to-do-it-thank-you-dear-hero-putin-god-bless-you-and-the-entire.html - - MUST WATCH >>>> UKRAINE - The Other Truth - U.S IMPERIALISM FOR THE NWO - Nuland MAIDAN & more --->>> https://rumble.com/v60hdib-ukraine-the-other-truth.html - 💥KHAZARIAN SATANIST BITCH Victoria (FU€K the EU) Nuland: The making of a psychopath --->>> https://rumble.com/v4llgh0-victoria-fuk-the-eu-nuland-the-making-of-a-psychopath.-chapter-12-and.html - Operation Ukraine: America's Fingerprints IMPLEMENTATION OF NAZISM --->>> https://rumble.com/v2hvff8-operation-ukraine-americas-fingerprints-implementation-of-nazism.html - 💥NAZISM IN THE 21st CENTURY - Soros, DeepState / CIA --->>> https://rumble.com/v5hkhl5-nazism-in-the-21st-century-soros-deepstate-cia.html - WATCH the DOKUS BELOW and CONNECT THE DOTS to get a better UNDERSTANDING of THE BIG PICTURE (more Links to topic connected videos in the Rumble BOXES - 💥Ukrainian Collaboration with Germany in World War II (1941 – 1945) - HISTORY --->>>> https://rumble.com/v2amwsu-ukrainian-collaboration-with-germany-in-world-war-ii-1941-1945-history.html - ⚠️🔞PUR EVIL 🔞⚠️ 🔞⚠️NAZI WAR CRIMES 🔞⚠️ CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY NAZIwarCRIMES - CIA - NATO - DS TERROR Operations - CHANNEL >>>> >>>> https://rumble.com/c/CrimesAgainstHumanity - 🔥The Best Kept Secret of the Deep State - Episode 17 - Denazification --->>>> https://rumble.com/v22l2vc-the-best-kept-secret-of-the-deep-state-episode-17-denazification.html - 🔥 THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE KHAZARIAN MAFIA HOW ZIONISTS INFILTRATED THE WORLD ----->>>> https://rumble.com/v25m8hd--the-secret-story-of-the-khazarian-mafia-how-zionists-infiltrated-the-world.html - 💥THE NAZI SS & UKRAINE - A LONG RELATION ENDS WITH THE DENAZIFICATION ------>>>>> https://rumble.com/v1kos9z-the-nazi-and-ukraine-a-long-relation-ends-with-the-denazification.html - 💥The Best Kept Secret of the Deep State - Episode 17 - Denazification -->> https://rumble.com/v22l2vc-the-best-kept-secret-of-the-deep-state-episode-17-denazification.html - 💥Documentary: NATO’s Secret Armies, Operation Gladio - TERROR on DEMAND --->>> https://rumble.com/v60gbde-documentary-natos-secret-armies-operation-gladio-terror-on-demand.html - 💥Operation Gladio A covert NATO project involving secret armies for FLSE FLAG TERROR attacks --->>>> https://rumble.com/v604wet-operation-gladio-a-covert-nato-project-involving-secret-armies-for-flse-fla.html - ⚠️VIEWER BEWARE⚠️ CONTENT 18+ / 🔞‼️CONTENT 18+ / 🔞‼️ NAZI CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY -->> https://rumble.com/v1sbi9i-viewer-beware-content-18-content-18-nazi-crimes-against-humanity.html - 💥AZOV - BRAIN ROT (DOKU) - the KILLING / ELIMINATING of the NAZI POW AZOVSTAL WITTNESSES -->> https://rumble.com/v1ktta3-azov-brain-rot-doku-the-killing-of-the-pow-testimonies.html - 💥CIA RECRUITING DAESH and NAZIS TO SEND TO UKRAINE -->> https://rumble.com/v1v4tuu-cia-recruiting-daesh-and-nazis-to-send-to-ukraine.html - 🔞‼️ Hard drive of Azov journalist found in Mariupol shows extent of Nazi education of children in Ukraine⚡️ ->>> https://t.me/EXPOSEthePEDOSendOfTheCABAL/6578 - 💥CONFIRMED - CIA WAS BEHIND THE 2014 COUP -->> https://rumble.com/v1qmfzb-confirmed-cia-was-behind-the-2014-coup.html - 🔥Lindsey Graham and John McCain motivation speech for the AZOV NAZIS in 2016 --->> https://rumble.com/v1neb8w-lindsey-graham-and-john-mccain-motivation-speech-for-the-azov-nazis-in-2016.html - ⚡️🔥 Fascism: A History / 2021 #Europe #USSR -->> https://rumble.com/v1o4zy4-fascism-a-history-2021-europe-ussr.html - ⚡️🔥 FAST FORWARD TO FASCISM -->> https://rumble.com/v1irs0l-fast-forward-to-fascism.html - ⚡️🔥 Western Media Praise Ukrainian Azov "Soldier" Known For Promoting Nazism -->> https://rumble.com/v1svoxs-western-media-praise-ukrainian-azov-soldier-known-for-promoting-nazism.html - ⚡️🔥 BRAINWASHED NAZI KIDS but no NAZIS IN UKRAINE (IRONY OFF -->> https://rumble.com/v1qgwcx-brainwashed-nazi-kids-but-no-nazis-in-ukraine-irony-off.html - ⚡️🔥 regarding MSM - NO NAZIS in UKRAINE.. -->> https://rumble.com/v1k03tj-regarding-msm-no-nazis-in-ukraine...html - ⚡️🔥 Ukraine: NAZI War Front Lines -->> https://rumble.com/v1qekop-ukraine-nazi-war-front-lines.html - ⚡️🔥 GLENN BECK - UKRAINE, THE FINAL PIECE -->> https://rumble.com/v1pp6jl-glenn-beck-ukraine-the-final-piece.html - 💥Children of Donbass - THE WAR IS ON! CHILDREN vs THE NAZIS #SaveOurChildren -->> https://rumble.com/v1odju5-children-of-donbass-the-war-is-on-children-vs-the-nazis-saveourchildren.html - 💥8 YEARS OF NAZI TERROR --->>> https://rumble.com/v1ob23l-operation-ukraine-nazi-crimes-without-punishment-2022.html - 💥💥💥MASSIVE DATA DUMP / BACKGROUND ON U.S / CIA/ DEEPSTATE INVOLVMENT IN UKRAINE -->> https://t.me/EXPOSEthePEDOSendOfTheCABAL/16626 - 🔥 The CIA - 70 YEARS IN UKRAINE -->> https://rumble.com/v1k5uz1-the-cia-70-years-in-ukraine.html - 🔥 DONBASS - 8 years of NAZI TERROR -->> https://rumble.com/v1iktah-donbass-8-years-of-nazi-terror.html - 🔥 75 Years Of The CIA: ‘We Lied, We Cheated, We Stole’ -->> https://rumble.com/v1kym1n-75-years-of-the-cia-we-lied-we-cheated-we-stole.html - 🔥 THE BUSH (SCHERFF) NAZI SS CRIME FAMILY - THREE GENERATIONS OF TREASON and HIGH CRIMES ----->>>> https://rumble.com/v1lfcpb--the-bush-crime-family-three-generations-of-treason.html - 🔥 BUSH & SKULL & BONES EXPOSED -->> https://rumble.com/v1lfc15--bush-and-skull-and-bones-exposed-.html - 🔥 TERROR WORLD BOOK a NOVEL by PIKEMAN (TRAILER) -- https://rumble.com/v1m4x9k-terror-world-book-a-novel-by-pikeman-trailer.html - 🔥Secrets of the (Cabal)🔥 🔥🔥CIA EXPOSED🔥🔥 Full Documentary -->> https://rumble.com/v1kl5nh-secrets-of-the-cabal-cia-full-documentary.html - CABAL CIA & COCAINE -->> https://rumble.com/v1iy211-cabal-cia-and-cocaine.html - ⚔🇷🇺 ⚔ PUTIN, DeepState eliminator, 70 YEARS CIA IN UKRAINE, PUTIN vs THE DEEP STATE PART 1 - 3 and more -->> https://t.me/SpecialQForces/47916 - ⚔🇷🇺 ⚔ DENAZIFICATION - Inside Russia’s Special Military Operation -->> https://rumble.com/v1k6r0x-denazification-inside-russias-special-military-operation-full-doku-2022.html - ⚔🇷🇺 ⚔ DENAZIFICATION - Operation Liberation -->> https://rumble.com/v1k6k41-denazification-operation-liberation-full-doku-2022.html - ⚔🇷🇺 ⚔ FUCK THE EU (NULAND) - DOKU -->> https://rumble.com/v1jjrut-doku-ukraine-on-fire-and-fuck-the-eu-nuland.html ———————————————— WE ARE STANDING WITH THE GOOD SOULS OF RUSSIA, UKRAINE and the WORLDS ———————————————— CHANNEL DISCLAIMER ©️ COPYRIGHT / LICENSING we invite every content owner and video producer to contact us by email (SpecialMilitaryOperation@proton.me) #StongerTogether - WWG1WGA ———————————————— Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 19v76, allowance is made for "fair use" for purpose such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. IF YOU HAVE ANY LICENSE ISSUES, PLEASE CONTACT US BY EMAIL((SpecialMilitaryOperation@proton.me) to RESOLVE THE PROBLEM and discuss a COOPERATION ———————————————— JOIN the RUMBLE CHANNELS >>> 🔥 CrimesAgainstHumanity 🔥 >>> http://tiny.cc/NAZIwarCRIMES - BioWeaponLabs ☣️ Biological Warfare ☣️ --->>> https://rumble.com/c/BioWeapons ———————————————— #EarthAlliance ⚔ 🇷🇺 FORWARD RUSSIA 🇷🇺 ⚔ DENAZIFICATION IS THE ONLY WAY Join us on Telegram -->> StrongerTogether https://t.me/deNAZIficationMilitaryQperationZ in ALLIANCE with https://t.me/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND https://rumble.com/c/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND ———————————————— ☕️🔥 if our work is useful for you, we appreciate your support in buying us a coffee ☕️ . this helps us to keep the pace and bring the Real News, Backgrounds and Facts out to you day by day Thank you for your support - #StongerTogether --->>> ☕️🔥 https://www.buymeacoffee.com/denazification

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. Also for entertainment and educational purposes. All rights to the original works go to those that hold them, no copyright infringement intended. All material used falls under fair use of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) for commentary, criticism, education and satire. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . Description/Info Box: --------------------- . Title: Anatoly Golitsyn and the Perestroika Deception . Golitsyn defected in 1961 and predicted the 'fall' of the Soviet Union as a great ruse to take down our guard, and also the build up of communist China. Marxist subversion is rampant, especially in schools. New Lies For Old: https://ia601400.us.archive.org/10/items/NewLiesForOld/New%20Lies%20For%20Old%20%281990%29.pdf Perestroika Deception: https://ia800305.us.archive.org/27/items/AnatoliyGolitsyn/Golitsyn-ThePerestroikaDeception-TheWorldsSlideTowardsTheSecondOctoberRevolution1995.pdf https://fitzinfo.net/perestroika-deception/ https://www.deathofcommunism.com/judeo-putinism-soviet-union-of-the-21-century/ https://thuletide.wordpress.com/2022/02/24/alt-right-and-identitarian-links-to-aleksandr-dugin-tldr-version/ All the Putin shills in the 'alternative' media are in no way organic. You should be wary of: Alex Jones, Tucker Carlson, Jeff Rense, Stew Peters, Scott Ritter, Douglas MacGregor, Russell Brand, E. Michael Jones, Candice Owens, Clayton Morris, Steve Bannon, Richard Snowden, Ben Shapiro, Jimmy Dore, Ron Paul, Dennis Kucinich, David Duke, Nick Fuentes, Mark Collett, David Knight, Marjorie Taylor Green, Cynthia McKinney, Lauren Southern, Lara Logan, Abby Martin, Max Blumenthal, Glenn Greenwald, Richard Spencer, The Hill, TGP, etc. There are many more. The Bolsheviks control social media and their goal is one world communist government with the UN as the trap door. They want aid to Ukraine to fail as part of demoralizing the West. That's why Alex Jones et al are now finally criticizing Israel, as cover while they use BRICs, Russia, China, etc to collapse the West. The Eurasian Bloc is the biblical Gog and Magog that attacks the West and fails. Revelation 20:7: "And when the thousand years are expired, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison (ghettos), 8 And shall go out to deceive (subvert) the nations which are in the four quarters of the earth, Gog and Magog (Russia, China, etc), to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea. 9 And they went up on the breadth of the earth, and compassed the camp of the saints (Christian West) about, and the beloved city: and fire came down from God out of heaven, and devoured them." They want to disarm us first into the NWO after a staged WW3, fake nukes, cyber attacks, power outages, food shortages, rioting and mass chaos, then they will attack. Putin's Bolshevik Roots: https://www.bitchute.com/video/sqd5Dntig5vb/ Who Controls Russia and Putin? https://www.bitchute.com/video/vUCmujQR2lQt/ Russian Tanks Blown to Pieces! https://www.bitchute.com/video/N9ATVRDNTmCr/ Corrupt Putin Was Placed in Power https://www.bitchute.com/video/xPMrnKDdAphH/ Putin's Invasion Failing Due to Corruption https://www.bitchute.com/video/oB7bNgdsQ8BM/ Russian Forces Rocked Like a Hurricane https://www.bitchute.com/video/BQwuB5l8lpIl/ Putin Double https://www.bitchute.com/video/NsIG6YDno7Xf/ Moscow Shooting Hoax: https://www.bitchute.com/video/QU5Bg2WS2npr/ Russian Media Blames Ukraine: https://www.bitchute.com/video/vrwvd9ULkvj5/ God Will Destroy Gog (Russia): https://www.bitchute.com/video/0FKh93RB7lBs/ God is Against Russia (Gog): https://www.bitchute.com/video/cLbM3rb3bP0g/ Carlson's Interview Complete Failure https://www.bitchute.com/video/fHzAScdepSqS/ The Corruption of Vladimir Putin https://www.bitchute.com/video/bL1nCmGBKRN6/ Glorious Dictator Vladimir Putin https://www.bitchute.com/video/uRHqZXwCezF8/ Putin's Numerous African Coups: https://www.bitchute.com/video/UQ8ObipG0k8O/ Putin Uses Wagner Mercenaries: https://www.bitchute.com/video/7BF8GiHCIxLd/ Nauseating Putin Shill Disinfo Clown Alex Jones: https://www.bitchute.com/video/EQpd177x0z4y/ Tucker Carlson & Alex Jones Putin Shills: https://www.bitchute.com/video/FDuOEnhSdjUi/ Putin Shill Alex Jones Blames Ukraine: https://www.bitchute.com/video/EYkpNznWslPt/ Moscow 'Shooting' Another Putin Psyop?: https://www.bitchute.com/video/C5IyUQp5TlT7/ NATO Holds Massive Military Exercise: https://www.bitchute.com/video/NQXV8UfQGkCY/ NATO Should Call Putin's Bluff: https://www.bitchute.com/video/N5O7WLP5d3pT/ The Cabal Runs the Russian Kleptocracy https://www.bitchute.com/video/3PZWmezfcQXe/ The History of the Bolshevik Terror https://www.bitchute.com/video/AHQln9nuB9do/ David Duke Exposed as Putin Shill https://www.bitchute.com/video/UBgDKFFIew7A/ Russian Woman Explains Russia Today https://www.bitchute.com/video/SxMrGT7te9bc/ The Horrors of Bolshevism https://www.bitchute.com/video/dCCe0ZHexXol/ Bolshevism Was Funded by Wall Street https://www.bitchute.com/video/FmFNiKDvp7I7/ More Russian Invaders Destroyed https://www.bitchute.com/video/Z0v7BQFuZJcb/ Anatoly Golitsyn Perestroika Deception: https://www.bitchute.com/video/WuMJL50bBK6K/ Red Cocaine: https://www.bitchute.com/video/BXjhaJLIiNWL/ Count Vlad the Invader: https://www.bitchute.com/video/7sO3UDESFfeZ/ Is Putin a Psychopath? https://www.bitchute.com/video/djPU1MG12NK8/ . . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Source: "Sunislocal" https://www.bitchute.com/video/WuMJL50bBK6K . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . This channel is not paid by any third party to promote anything You can always donate to me or my channel. All help is very much appreciated. https://paypal.me/kbenweg Or you can give a cup of coffee/sandwich to someone in need... (This would bring me even more joy) . Thank you for watching, God bless, and I love you all!!! 🙏 . . ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . Subscribe to other channels: . Free Your Mind Documentaries https://rumble.com/c/FYMVideos Only if Rumble is down (or deletes) videos, those will be posted on the Backup Channels! Backup Channel on Odysee: https://odysee.com/@Tim:ab74 Backup Channel on Bitchute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/ThkAWbd3XR2T/ . 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Comments containing arrested-developed behavior (nastiness, belligerence, stupidity, trolling, spam, links, etc.) will also be deleted (without notice) and banned from the channel. No self-promotion/advertising! . If my posts ruffled your feathers. Don't be a chicken! Take it before God and make the changes you need to better your life. God bless you 🙏 . Making tantrums about why you're unsubscribing: If i notice your cry for help i will do anything possible (mute/block/ban) To make sure you don't get back here by mistake, for your safety. Opposing views will be posted and feelings will get hurt. So this channel is NOT a safe space for you!! Hope you find better pasture somewhere else . -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

🇺🇸☣️🇺🇦 HUNTER'S FIRM FUNDED METABIOTA LAB TIED TO UKRAINE BIOLABS --->>> https://rumble.com/v5a4e79--hunters-firm-funded-metabiota-lab-tied-to-ukraine-biolabs.html#comment-450112629 - 🔥 Royal Reptilians Intro Movie The History - REPTOS NEED ADRENOCHROME ---->>> https://rumble.com/v59jy85-royal-reptilians-intro-movie-the-history-reptos-need-adrenochrome.html

Video Credit WoodwardTV - Is the internet dead? When did it die and what are we truly engaging in? - THE INTERNET: HONEY POT for BLACKMAILING OPERATIONS - WHAT IS IT, LETS GO DIGGING.. AMAZING POLLY AS ALWAYS AMAZING --->>> https://rumble.com/v1khly9-exposed-ghislaine-maxwell-deep-state-connections-cia-mossad-darpa-and-epste.html - GOOGLE - FACEBOOK - CIA DARPA NAZIS -->> https://rumble.com/v1jup01-google-facebook-cia-darpa-nazis.html - GOOGLE‘s HIDDEN C.I.A CONNECTION -->> https://rumble.com/v1iymv1-googles-hidden-c.i.a-connection.html - Google was founded and funded by the C.I.A Same as Facebook former named as LifeLog So the whole bigtech Industry is a big LIE!! Search for sequoia capitals.. its all there. - 🔥 BIGTECH and the PLAYERS BEHIND -->> https://rumble.com/v1jur1j-bigtech-and-the-players-behind.html - Ghislaine Maxwell Deep State Connections - CIA - MOSSAD - DARPA and EPSTEIN HONEY POT for BLACKMAILING OPERATIONS - 🔥 Ghislaine Maxwell Deep State Connections - CIA - MOSSAD - DARPA and EPSTEIN HONEY POT OPERATIONS -- https://rumble.com/v1jut7p-ghislaine-maxwell-deep-state-connections-cia-mossad-darpa-and-epstein-honey.html

It's much worse than most people think! - VIDEO CREDIT #StrangerThanFiction 🔥HUMAN CLONES —>>> https://rumble.com/c/CLONING - 🔥DNA EXPERIMENTS IN UNDERGROUND FACILITIES —->>> https://t.me/DUMBSandUnderground/12161 - 🔥 SATANIC HOLLYWOOD - PUR EVIL CANNIBALS & ADRENOCHROME JUNKIES --->>> https://rumble.com/v1qt69e-satanic-hollywood-pur-evil-cannibals-and-adrenochrome-junkies.html - 🔥blood contract with Satan🔥 - THEY HAVE SOLD THEIR SOUL - the a clone and the Vril overtook their life after signing the blood contract with Satan --->>> https://rumble.com/v5glqyt-the-masonic-luciferian-contract-the-blo8d-contract-with-satan-selling-the-s.html - 🔥DRACONIANS —->>> https://t.me/DUMBSandUnderground/12257 - 🔥 DULCE BASE - PHIL SCHNEIDER —>>> https://t.me/DUMBSandUnderground/12318 - 🔥HUMANS vs ALIENS BATTLE —->>> https://t.me/DUMBSandUnderground/12317 - 🔥ANTARCTICA —->>> https://t.me/DUMBSandUnderground/12310

Video Credit for top job #MrTruthBomb http://tiny.cc/MrTruthBomb - Putin is cleaning Ukraine from the Nazi’s that stole power in a CIA sponsored coup in 2014 and if against him, you are a Nazi supporter, even if you are too stupid and ignorant to understand what that means. - 🔥 LINK FOR FULL FILM - ⚔🇷🇺 ⚔ PUTIN vs THE DEEP STATE- PART ONE - DENAZIFICATION --->>> https://rumble.com/v1n18hc-putin-vs-deepstate-part-1.html - DOKU: 🔥UKRAINE ON FIRE & FUCK THE EU (NULAND)🔥 --->>> https://rumble.com/v1jjrut-doku-ukraine-on-fire-and-fuck-the-eu-nuland.html - 🔥 FAST FORWARD TO FASCISM - 75 YEARS OF CIA IN UKRAINE 🇺🇦 --->>> https://rumble.com/v4xj1m8-fast-foreard-to-fascism-75-years-of-cia-in-ukraine-.html - 🔥 THE NAZIFICATION OF UKRAINE - Inventing Ukraine | RT Documentary --->>> https://rumble.com/v54nxou-the-nazification-of-ukraine-inventing-ukraine-rt-documentary.html ———————————————— WE ARE STANDING WITH THE GOOD SOULS OF RUSSIA, UKRAINE and the WORLDS ———————————————— CHANNEL DISCLAIMER ©️ COPYRIGHT / LICENSING we invite every content owner and video producer to contact us by email (SpecialMilitaryOperation@proton.me) #StrongerTogether - WWG1WGA ———————————————— Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 19v76, allowance is made for "fair use" for purpose such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. IF YOU HAVE ANY LICENSE ISSUES, PLEASE CONTACT US BY EMAIL (SpecialMilitaryOperation@proton.me) to RESOLVE THE PROBLEM and discuss a COOPERATION ———————————————— JOIN the RUMBLE CHANNELS >>> 🔥 CrimesAgainstHumanity 🔥 >>> http://tiny.cc/NAZIwarCRIMES - BioWeaponLabs ☣️ Biological Warfare ☣️ --->>> https://rumble.com/c/BioWeapons ———————————————— #EarthAlliance ⚔ 🇷🇺 FORWARD RUSSIA 🇷🇺 ⚔ DENAZIFICATION IS THE ONLY WAY Join us on Telegram -->> StrongerTogether https://t.me/deNAZIficationMilitaryQperationZ in ALLIANCE with https://t.me/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND https://rumble.com/c/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND ———————————————— ☕️🔥 if our work is useful for you, we appreciate your support in buying us a coffee ☕️ . this helps us to keep the pace and bring the Real News, Backgrounds and Facts out to you day by day Thank you for your support - #StrongerTogether --->>> ☕️🔥 https://www.buymeacoffee.com/denazification

When it comes to your house with the need to kill you, you no longer need to think about should you pull the trigger or should you not use self-defence measures.’ Vladimir Kononov, former Minister of Defense of the DPR (2014-2018) and other witnesses of the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine talk about the events of 2014. - It is a turning point in the history of the country. The rural west and the industrial east have always differed in mentality, communication and traditions. In the end, conflicts and contradictions, which are found everywhere, resulted in civil confrontation and war. - DOKU: UKRAINE ON FIRE & FUCK THE EU (NULAND) -->> https://rumble.com/v1jjrut-doku-ukraine-on-fire-and-fuck-the-eu-nuland.html - Donbass War Torture in 'The Library' —>> https://rumble.com/v1jxcz7-torture-in-the-library-pur-evil-nazis.html - ☕️🔥 if our work is useful for you, we appreciate your support in buying us a coffee ☕️ . this helps us to keep the pace and bring the Real News, Backgrounds and Facts out to you day by day Thank you for your support - #StongerTogether --->>> ☕️🔥 https://www.buymeacoffee.com/denazification - #EarthAlliance ⚔ 🇷🇺 WWG1WGA 🇷🇺 ⚔ Join us on Telegram -->> https://t.me/deNAZIficationMilitaryQperationZ https://t.me/DUMBSandUNDERGROUND - WE STAND WITH THE GOOD SOULS OF RUSSIA, UKRAINE and the WORLDS - CHANNEL DISCLAIMER ©️ COPYRIGHT / LICENSING we invite every content owner and video producer to contact us by email (SpecialMilitaryOperation@proton.me) #StongerTogether - WWG1WGA ———————————————— Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purpose such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favour of fair use. IF YOU HAVE ANY LICENSE ISSUES, PLEASE CONTACT US BY EMAIL(SpecialMilitaryOperation@proton.me) to RESOLVE THE PROBLEM and discuss a COOPERATION

A look at how Israeli prisons have become the breeding ground for the next generation of Palestinian leaders as well as the birth place of future terrorist threats. Director: Shimon Dotan Languages: Hebrew, Arabic, English All occupied have the humam right to fight their occupiers by international law! arte France 2007 https://youtu.be/3fUuuhMT84E

Live discussion: Tucker Carlson REMOVES Stew Peters from Salt Lake City event, further proving that our country, our media and our society are #OCCUPIED

A video collage of epic scenes of Hamas kicking ass and taking names from the October 7 storming into occupied Palestine. PLEASE SHARE THIS! BOYCOTT ISRAEL! SPREAD AWARENESS!!! WARNING: Bitchute seems to have restricted me from uploading my videos sometimes. Also, Rumble "indefinitely suspended" my original account. Please subscribe here and to my other channels listed below on other more... respectable platforms. Thanks. FOLLOW ME ON ODYSEE: www.odysee.com/@CreeperStatus FOLLOW ME ON BITCHUTE: www.bitchute.com/channel/creeper-status/ FOLLOW ME ON GAB: www.gab.com/CreeperStatus FOLLOW ME ON TELEGRAM: www.t.me/+qPL-AxvrYEpkMjI5 (@CreeperStatus) CreeperStatus, #Creeper-Status, Creeper, Status, #ceasefirenow, #ceasefirenow, ceasefirenow, epic, scenes, IDF, Israel, Gaza, Palestine, Hamas, Al-Qassam, Al-Quds, Islamic Resistance, Israel, Palestine, Kabbutz, Gaza, IOF, October 7, 11/7, 7/11,

Leave a story idea in the comments below and we will create it for you! In the heart of Nazi-occupied Paris during 1944, a brave French resistance fighter, known only as 'The Shadow,' works behind enemy lines to sabotage the German war machine, rescue those facing execution, and inspire hope among the oppressed civilians. Unbeknownst to him, his actions are closely linked to a secret pact made years before that could change the course of the war. https://storywave.ai/library/forgotten-pact-righteous/ 🚀 Dive into a world of creativity with StoryWave.ai! Unleash your imagination and discover captivating stories at the intersection of storytelling and technology. Join our vibrant community of writers, artists, and readers to explore endless possibilities in storytelling and digital art. ✍️🎨 Don't miss out! Explore #StoryWave today and ignite your creativity! #Storytelling #WritingCommunity #DigitalArt #AIWriting #Creativity #Inspiration #BookLovers #TechInnovation #DigitalStorytelling #AI #Audiobooks Visit https://storywave.ai to build your on-demand entertainment today!

New World Order https://rumble.com/v4bdjbf-more-on-the-new-world-order-divide-and-rule-over.html

We are a warm, friendly, come-as-you-are community of authentic people. We enjoy simple things like blue skies, big smiles, family meals, and firm handshakes. We also relish inspiring music, sporting events, having fun, and honoring God in all that we do. We are not religious, churchy, or weird—at least we try not to be—but we are passionate about our relationship with God and relish the opportunity to converse about Him. Whether you’re a longstanding follower of Christ, a new Christian, a spiritual seeker, or a doubter, welcome! Bring your curiosity and questions, along with your doubts, hurts and fears, and let’s meet at “the bridge.” By the way, we have named our fellowship after Jesus because He is our one and only bridge to God. While the tombs of Confucius, Buddha, and Mohammad are occupied. Jesus’s tomb is still empty. Only Jesus died for our sins, rose from the dead and lives to offer us eternal life. Jesus, alone, is the one name (Acts 4:12), the one way (John 14:6), and the one mediator (1 Timothy 2:5) between each of us and our Heavenly Father. Ready to cross over to a fresh new, inspiring place? Come join us at “the bridge”. https://www.thebridgescv.com/

In this exclusive report for The Grayzone, Jeremy Loffredo provides an on-the-ground look at the fear and violence that has consumed occupied Palestinian communities across the West Bank, from the Jordan Valley to the Christian village of Taybeh, as settlers and the Israeli army exploit the shock of October 7 to carry out dispossession on a mass scale.

Please support and thank you!! https://bdsmovement.net/Military-Embargo-Europe-Campaign-Guide https://bdsmovement.net/donate_ https://www.healpalestine.org/ https://www.pcrf.net/ https://www.ummarelief.org/ur-campaigns/fundbhhmwmp https://partners.getmoredonations.org/campaign/gaza/FUNJWAFMNHT/ https://donate.miresiperboten.org/help_yemen46918443 = Baptist Pastor they FOOLED the entire World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF7NxAnJbRY Pastor attempts to wake his church up by teaching Revelation 2:9; 3:9 to explain the history of the Fake Jews ovadyahjudah Their wicked kingdom is coming to an end... APTTMH!!!! HALLELUYAH!! US evangelical pastor describes how Zionist Christians contribute to injustices in Palestine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ze4L7LqinQU = Pastor Chuck Missler Esau's Converts (watch to the end) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhtDvqvh1LI evangel Wow, ️ I didn't know Chuck Missler went in like he does. It's deep. Recently in my bible reading, I read through Obadiah, and it took me a month to sit with it and adjust myself. I didn't even speak to anyone about it, as I came up on it in the 4th month of the slaughter in Gaza. I haven't been back there since. I had a difficult time with it as my prayers and thoughts are with the Palestinian people every day, and the book of Obadiah is talking about them in this slaughter like it's part of the plan. It was so difficult to receive, but I understand it better now. Watching the Palestinian people live and embrace martyrdom has helped in so many ways. They may serve Allah but how they love ️ him is more than I've ever seen in "Christian" circles. It reminds me of the scripture that says Unless a kernel of wheat falls and dies it abides alone but if it dies it bears much fruit. JOHN 12:24 The slaughter in Gaza is awful but from what I see in scripture and with my own eyes, I can see it bearing much fruit. As a child of the most high I've learned so much from them and it has prepared me for what is likely coming to all of us before long in this world. I pray I’m as gracious as the Palestinian people have been in the face of such tremendous adversity. A huge consultation the Holy Spirit gives me is in Ezekiel 37:17 where Father says He will take the two sticks Ephraim and Judah and make them one stick. One day we'll all serve the One Most High. Its deep brethren just read through with the Holy Spirit and allow Him to disclose it to you. We must continue to Occupy until He comes Luke 19:13 = They Don’t want you to know These Secret Plans Prof Walter Veith https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qp1xeZRD3PA I hope after watching the above Pastor Veith's video now you know why Trump and the ALLIANCES must drain the SWAMP to save humanity https://rumble.com/v55quxi-usar-guard-deployed-to-guantanamo-bay-yen-collapse-imminent-spaceforce-recr.html Creation of the Israel Nation Exposed Prof Walter Veith https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ci0XBbBeo4 watchmanfortruth Children of God don't lie, spy, steal, kill, terrorize, mass murder, assassinate, threaten, intimidate, conspire and profit. Walter Veith Synagogue of Satan stolen identity using Secret Societies https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x9JdZlS3epY Trump the Chosen One will bring us back to God jayhjohnson He’s right on about the construction of Israel (the modern state) and how events were premeditated to that end, but tragically off in relation to revelation. Primarily because he doesn’t have the benchmark of knowing who Israelites are. So, he has no contemporary context for the fulfillment of prophecy ️ = Lord Rothschild Claims His Family Created Israel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUpZT5hEh8Q TomiAdewoleAdetom Baron Rothschild, a British banker, and politician, once said that the best time to buy was “when there is blood in the streets." Doesn't take a genius to realize that such men would go further and simply start the wars that lead to so much blood in the streets. Nevertheless, judgment is on the way. Jeremiah 16:16 “Behold, I will send for many fishers, saith the LORD, and they shall fish them; and after will I send for many hunters, and they shall hunt them from every mountain, and from every hill, and out of the holes of the rocks.” = ORIGINAL COMMENTS Satanyahu on the Annexation of the West Bank https://www.npr.org/2020/06/18/878305307/netanyahu-plans-to-annex-parts-of-the-west-bank-many-israeli-settlers-want-it-al https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/28/explainer-israels-annexation-plan-for-occupied-west-bank The European Union’s recognition of the state of Palestine is inevitable if the Zionist regime continues with its controversial plan to annex large parts of the West Bank. Luxembourg’s Foreign Minister, Jean Asselborn says that the United Nations Security Council has taken a clear position, and declared Israeli settlements illegal in several resolutions, stressing that Israel’s annexation plan amounts to “stealing”. Nine EU member states, including Sweden, Hungary, and Poland, have already recognized the state of Palestine. Israel’s Benjamin Netanyahu has announced that he would start plans for annexing more areas in the occupied West Bank on July 1 in accordance with US President Donald Trump’s scheme. https://www.lp4q.org/news/20197/luxembourg:-eu-recognition-of-palestine-inevitable-if-israel-steals-west-bank.html = UNHRC arms embargo call against Israel passes by only a slim margin https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-blasts-un-rights-council-for-unparalleled-bias-against-jewish-state/ The resolution on settlements “condemns the declaration made by Israeli officials calling for the annexation of Palestinian land and reaffirms the prohibition of acquisition of territory resulting from the use of force.” The resolution on self-determination calls on the international community not to recognize Israeli annexation. It “calls upon all States to ensure their obligations of non-recognition, non-aid or assistance with regard to the serious breaches of peremptory norms of international law by Israel.” She charged that the council is biased for attacking only Israel when dealing with the conflict. “This Council has one agenda item designed to condemn only one state. This item 7 is nothing but a systematic mechanism of discrimination against Israel and Israelis, one deeply rooted in the culture of this Council and of some of its member states," Shechter said. “Let’s call Item 7 by its proper name, the item of institutionalized antisemitism,” Shechter said. “Spreading false narratives and avoiding taking responsibility is not the path the Palestinians should be taking to promote their cause,” she added. Shechter told the Council, “You are dealing with a conflict involving the rights of two peoples, not one. A conflict involving the suffering of two people, not one. These kinds of conflicts need a direct negotiation process that brings people together rather than more recriminations of this Council that only serve to pull our people farther apart. We have enough of that!”

Originally aired on BBC2 in 1992, 'Operation Gladio' reveals 'Gladio', the secret state-sponsored terror network operating in Europe. This video is uploaded here on this channel for purposes of spreading awareness and also as an archive if deleted. This BBC series is about a far-right secret army, operated by the CIA and MI6 through NATO, which killed hundreds of innocent Europeans and attempted to blame the deaths on Baader Meinhof, Red Brigades and other left wing groups. Known as 'stay-behinds' these armies were given access to military equipment which was supposed to be used for sabotage after a Soviet invasion. Instead it was used in massacres across mainland Europe as part of a CIA Strategy of Tension. Gladio killing sprees in Belgium and Italy were carried out for the purpose of frightening the national political classes into adopting U.S. policies. NOTE => NATO has and is always been a terrorist organisation!! Out of fear the people might rise up, they decided to create terror in Europe. So the leaders could stay in charge. Democide and a "Reign of Terror" still going on today in different forms!! Just look what they did illegally in Ukraine (which is NOT a NATO country) Against their own charter!! God has their number and without repentance and Jesus Christ, NO man will see the Father! Only Jesus saves They were to 'stay behind' if the Red Army overran Western Europe. Operating from secret hideouts behind enemy lines, they were to organise armed national resistance against the occupying Soviet forces. Recruited and trained by the CIA and MI-6 and coordinated by NATO, Europe's secret army was the most ambitious covert operation to defend democracy since the Second World War. But over time the top-secret stay-behind network set up by Britain and the United States in almost 20 European countries became involved in just the opposite: fixing elections, political assassinations, coups against democratically elected governments, and in what can only be described as acts of terrorism, which cost the lives of hundreds of Europeans. The story of Europe's stay-behind network with names like GLADIO in Italy or SDRA8 in Belgium is one of the most powerfully hidden secrets of recent American and European history. Includes: Operation Gladio Part 1: The Ringmasters by Allan Francovich (1992). Operation Gladio Part 2: The Puppeteers by Allan Francovich (1992). Operation Gladio Part 3: The Foot Soldiers by Allan Francovich (1992). "The covert operation was uncovered in 1990, when the public learned that the CIA, MI6 and NATO trained and directed an underground army of fascist paramilitary units across Europe, deploying its assets to undermine political opponents, including through false flag terror attacks." The first of three programmes about Gladio', the secret terrorist network operating in Europe. Discusses the network's creation, after the end of the Second World War, from a group of Nazis remaining in occupied territories, and in resistance to the rise of communism. Reveals the role of the CIA in the political affairs of post-war Europe through their manipulation of Gladio' and the network's influence in the internal affairs of almost every European country. Operation Gladio was the codename for a clandestine NATO post-WW2 "stay-behind" False Flag operation in Europe during the Cold War. Its purpose was to galvanize public opinion against the Radical Left and provoke armed resistance in the event of a Soviet invasion. This BBC series is about a far-right secret army, operated by the CIA and MI6 through NATO, which killed hundreds of innocent Europeans and attempted to blame the deaths on Baader Meinhof, Red Brigades and other left wing groups. Known as 'stay-behinds' these armies were given access to military equipment which was supposed to be used for sabotage after a Soviet invasion. Instead it was used in massacres across mainland Europe as part of a CIA Strategy of Tension. Gladio killing sprees in Belgium and Italy were carried out for the purpose of frightening the national political classes into adopting U.S. policies. Francovich (Director) suffered a fatal heart attack in a Customs area at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas, on April 17, 1997, whilst entering the United States from England; he was 56. Remember the Heart Attack gun revealed in the Church Hearings by the CIA? (((World War 1 and 2 conceals some of the Greatest Secrets of the New World Order Hegemony. For anyone that knows the True Motivations behind the Cold War that it was a Complete Farce. There was nothing natural about the rise of the Bolsheviks and the Soviet Union. The Anglo-American Establishment, British Banksters, Mega Corporations and Jewish Conspirators all helped establish the Soviets as a World Power. THEY WERE GIVEN EVERYTHING. So anytime the Cold War was used as an excuse for Secret Military Intelligence Operations, it is all a Lie and you need to seek for the True Ulterior Motives. Inevitably, those Secret Motives always surround the Establishment of the New world Order. Project Gladio was NOT about fighting Communism, but about World Domination. The True Main Conspirators Behind All of This Was Britain, the CIA and the Vatican. Or as it may be said, The 3 City States... (Yeah, NO. The True Secret Mission of the Council on Foreign Relations is to Restore America once again under the Rule of the British Empire, as stated in the Will of Cecil Rhoades. The CFR is in fact the American Branch of the Royal Institute of International Affairs. And to further tie Dulles to the 3 City State Conspiracy, he just also happened to be a Knight of Malta) Join My Discord Community: https://discord.gg/BuQEBzRhSd Follow My X: https://x.com/DeciusVince

Life in the occupied West Bank, where everything is controlled by the Israeli occupying forces. From movement, to employment, access to education and health care and so on and so forth. This is life under Israeli Apartheid for Palestinians. But it's not enough for the regime that it needs to send in military vehicles and troops every day into Palestinian neighborhoods to harass, terrorize, kill, destroy, and detain. A vicious campaign that this week has taken a dramatic turn for the worse, as we will discuss in this edition of the Spotlight. Press TV’s website can also be accessed at the following alternate addresses: www.presstv.co.uk

DRAFT: ASK ANY USA INC GENERAL, The USA Inc's Flag is a NAZI Flag. The NAZIS didn't lose the war, THEY CAME TO AMOORICA W/THEIR NAZI Corporate FLAG to take over. Look at the facts and the patterns. Everything else is noise! We have been infiltrated inside out. The United States Inc Corporation should have left our country the second they violated our rights, due process and thought about GENOCIDE. The Question is why are they here, changing our culture masquerading around like they are leaders and the salt of earth. - 🔥 THE NAZIS & CIA, THE VATICAN, JESUITS, KNIGHTS OF MALTA --->>>> https://rumble.com/v4n0cxe-the-nazis-and-cia-the-vatican-jesuits-knights-of-malta.html - 🔥 Khazarian Mafia: SATANISTS - CANNIBALS, ADRENOCHROME and The God Eaters PART 1 of 2 --->>> https://rumble.com/v4cmd4r-khazarian-mafia-satanists-cannibals-adrenochrome-and-the-god-eaters-part-1-.html - 🔥 ANTARTICA NAZIS, ILLUMINATI, REPTILIANS & the plan to take over the WORLD! -->> https://rumble.com/v1je6ht-antartica-nazis-illuminati-reptilians-and-the-plan-to-take-over-the-world.html - CONNECT THE DOTS... BACKGROUND FACTS >>>> THE NAZIS HAVE NOT LOST WW2 - WITH OPERATION PAPERCLIP THEY ESCAPED, INFILTRATED THE WORLD, INSTALLED THE NATO and the EUROPEAN UNION and EXPANDED THEIR IMPERIALISM VIA WASHINGTON D.C... - >>>>> FACTS <<<<< - 🔥 NAZIS = (REPTOS + SECRET SOCIETIES AS ILLUMINATY, JESUITS ETC) >>> = 🔥 ZIONISTS (= FAKE JEWS, HQ ISRAEL, STATE ISRAEL FOUNDED BY ROTHSCHILD, NOTHING TO DO WITH THE 12 TRIBES OF ISRAEL >>> =🔥 KHAZARIAN SATANISTS (HQ UKRAINE....) - CONNECT THE DOTS - ITS ALL IN FRONT OF YOUR EYES! YOUR IGNORANCE IS THEIR POWER! - 🔥 UNITED STATES OCCUPIED GERMANY - THE U.S HAVE BECAME THE NAZIS AFTER OPERATION PAPERCLIP... INFLITARTION... --->>>> https://rumble.com/v28m54o-united-stated-occupied-germany-u.s-are-became-the-nazis-after-operation-pap.html - 🔥 NATO IS NOT DEFENCE ALLIANCE, ITS A WAR MASCHINE, founded by the NAZIS DURING WW2 -->> https://rumble.com/v1m9w8k-nato-is-not-defence-alliance-its-a-war-maschine-founded-by-the-nazis-during.html - 🔥 The Best Kept Secret of the Deep State - Episode 17 - >>> 🔥 DENAZIFICATION 🔥 OPERATION PAPERCLIP and the CREATION OF NATO ---->>>> https://rumble.com/v22l2vc-the-best-kept-secret-of-the-deep-state-episode-17-denazification.html - 🔥 OPERATION PAPERCLIP - THE SECRET INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM --->>> https://rumble.com/v1q2pne-operation-paperclip-the-secret-intelligence-program.html - 🔥 EMPIRE OF THE CITY - > CITY OF LONDON (FINANCE) > VATICAN (RELIGION) > WASHINGTON D.C (MILITARY) --->>>> https://rumble.com/v1ovouf-empire-of-the-city-city-of-london-vatican-and-dc-exposed.html - 🔥 THE NEW WORLD ORDER EXPOSED 🔥 --->>> https://rumble.com/v1o9tp9--the-new-world-order-exposed-.html - 🔥 THE SECRET HISTORY OF THE KHAZARIAN MAFIA - HOW ZIONISTS INFILTRATED THE WORLD --->>> https://rumble.com/v25m8hd--the-secret-story-of-the-khazarian-mafia-how-zionists-infiltrated-the-world.html - 🔥 LAW, CONSTITUTION & the secrets known by President Trump are being made public by David Straight --->>> https://rumble.com/v4w02cw-law-constitution-and-the-secrets-known-by-president-trump-are-being-made-pu.html

Mossad exposed https://rumble.com/v4q26hw-mossad-exposed.html

Jeremy Loffredo joins host Chris Hedges on this episode of The Chris Hedges Report to review his reporting covering Israel in the U.S., the Occupied Territories and Israel itself—as well as his frightening detainment by the occupying forces.

Trump won, now the real work starts. We got Stew Peters on the show and he is exposing how foreign governments STILL control our government no matter who the President is! We also talk about Diddy, secret societies, religious supremacy, and a bunch of other topics that we can't talk about on Youtube. That's why this one is an X and Rumble exclusive! You can watch Stews new movie "Occupied" at stewpeters.com Get your Twins merch and have a chance to win a 69 Camaro and 10K in cash - https://officialhodgetwins.com/ Get Optimal Human, your all in one daily nutritional supplement - https://optimalhuman.com/ American-made, top of the line knives - https://dmoknives.com/ Want to be a guest on the Twins Pod? Contact us at bookings@twinspod.com Download Free Twins Pod Content - https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1_iNb2RYwHUisypEjkrbZ3nFoBK8k60CO Follow Twins Pod Everywhere - X - https://twitter.com/TheTwinsPod Instagram - https://www.instagram.com/thetwinspod/ Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/twinspod TikTok - https://www.tiktok.com/@twinspod YouTube - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCX8lCshQmMN0dUc0JmQYDdg Rumble - https://rumble.com/c/TwinsPod Spotify - https://open.spotify.com/show/79BWPxHPWnijyl4lf8vWVu?si=03960b3a8b6b4f74 Apple - https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/twins-pod/id1731232810

Almost 30 years apart, John Pilger's two documentaries about Palestine carried the same title, Palestine is Still the Issue. His point was that, in the course of a generation, a great injustice remained unchanged and urgent. His 1974 film described the flight and expulsion of almost a million Palestinians, who became refugees in their own land – at the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, then as a result of the Six Day War in 1967. ‘What has changed,’ says Pilger on his return to film his 2002 documentary, ‘is that the Palestinians have fought back. Stateless and humiliated for so long, they have risen up against Israel’s huge military regime, although they themselves have no army, no tanks, no American planes and gunships or missiles… For [them], the overriding, routine of terror, day after day, has been the ruthless control of almost every aspect of their lives, as if they live in an open prison.’ The Palestinians' struggle for their land is the theme of both films. The loss of 78 per cent of land in 1948 meant that they could claim only the remaining 22 per cent, which was occupied by Israel. They fought mainly with slingshots against tanks and planes during their first uprising, the 1987 intifada, and rose again and again. The curfews, controls, roadblocks and checkpoints governing their lives bear comparison with apartheid South Africa, says Pilger, who interviews both Palestinians and Israelis, making his report infinitely more powerful than if it had given voice simply to the oppressed. Indeed, the majority of his witnesses are Israeli. The longest interview is one of the most revealing – with Dori Gold, an influential figure at the heart of Israeli power. A Palestinian talks about his sister, the first female suicide bomber, a 28-year-old ambulance volunteer who had witnessed the deaths and wounding of people. He is proud of her. An Israeli father, Rami Elhanan, remembers his 14-year-old daughter who was killed by a suicide bomb. ‘You have to recognise the despair of those who carry out such atrocities,’ he says. ‘You have to ask yourself: have you contributed in any way to this despair. The suicide bomber was a victim, the same as my girl was.’ With Israel controlling the occupied West Bank through Jewish settlements that are illegal under international law, Pilger visits one such settlement. He passes through a military checkpoint and along a road bordered by electrified barbed wire, which was built for the sole use of Jewish settlers and Israeli soldiers – a striking emblem of apartheid, he says – before discovering the surreal spectacle of what appears to be a quiet middle-class suburb, complete with houses with satellite dishes on neat, tree-lined roads. One of the most telling voices is that of a soldier, Yishai Rosen-Zvi, who has refused to serve on the occupied West Bank and describes ‘the huge bluff of the Israeli establishment’, adding, ‘[Every] criticism of its policies is called anti-Semitism, [when] criticising your country's policy is the only patriotic thing that one can do.’ His words are prophetic. An orchestrated Zionist-run campaign was mounted against Palestine is Still the Issue, mainly in the United States by groups who had not seen the film. Each email they sent had a generic theme of ‘anti-Semitism’ – an early version of social media ‘bots’. Pilger and his family received death threats. In Britain, the Independent Television Commission, then the regulator for commercial TV, conducted a three-month inquiry and concluded that Palestine is Still the Issue was ‘fair and balanced’ and had not breached the ‘due impartiality’ clause in the 1990 Broadcasting Act. It praised the film's historical accuracy, together with the ‘care and thoroughness with which it was researched’. Palestine is Still the Issue won a number of international awards. Awards: The Chris Statuette in the War & Peace division, Chris Awards, Columbus International Film & Video Festival, Ohio, 2003; Winner, War & Peace category, Vermont International Film Festival, 2003; Certificate of Merit, Chicago International Television Awards. Palestine Is Still The Issue was a Carlton Television production for ITV first broadcast on ITV1, 16 September 2002

The Gaza Strip (/ˈɡɑːzə/ ⓘ;[11] Arabic: قِطَاعُ غَزَّةَ Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah [qɪˈtˤɑːʕ ˈɣaz.za]), or simply Gaza, is a small, densely populated territory located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the smaller of the two Palestinian territories (the other being the West Bank). Gaza is bordered by Egypt on the southwest and Israel on the east and north. The territory came into being when it was controlled by Egypt during the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, and became a refuge for Palestinians who fled or were expelled during the 1948 Palestine war.[12][13] Later, during the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel captured and occupied the Gaza Strip, initiating its decades-long military occupation of the Palestinian territories.[12][13] The mid-1990s Oslo Accords established the Palestinian Authority (PA) as a limited governing authority, initially led by the secular party Fatah until that party's electoral defeat in 2006 to the Sunni Islamic Hamas. Hamas would then take over the governance of Gaza in a battle the next year,[14][15][16][17] subsequently warring with Israel. The restrictions on movement and goods in Gaza imposed by Israel date back to the early 1990s.[18] In 2005, Israel unilaterally withdrew its military forces from Gaza, dismantled its settlements, and implemented a temporary blockade of Gaza.[19] The blockade became indefinite after the 2007 Hamas takeover.[20][19] Egypt also began its blockade of Gaza in 2007. Despite the Israeli disengagement, the United Nations (UN), the International Committee of the Red Cross, and many human rights organizations continue to consider Gaza to be held under Israeli military occupation, due to what they consider Israel's effective military control over the territory; Israel disputes that it occupies the territory.[21][22][23] The current blockade prevents people and goods from freely entering or leaving the territory, leading to Gaza often being called an "open-air prison".[24][25] The UN, as well as at least 19 human-rights organizations, have urged Israel to lift the blockade.[26] Israel has justified its blockade on the strip with wanting to stop flow of arms, but Palestinians and rights groups say it amounts to collective punishment and exacerbates dire living conditions.[27] A tightened blockade since the start of the Israel–Hamas war has contributed to an ongoing famine.[28] The Gaza Strip is 41 kilometres (25 miles) long, from 6 to 12 km (3.7 to 7.5 mi) wide, and has a total area of 365 km2 (141 sq mi).[29][30] With around 2 million Palestinians[31] on approximately 365 km2 (141 sq mi) of land, Gaza has one of the world's highest population densities.[32][33] More than 70% of Gaza's population are Palestinian refugees, half of whom are under the age of 18.[34] Sunni Muslims make up most of Gaza's population, with a Palestinian Christian minority. Gaza has an annual population growth rate of 1.99% (2023 est.), the 39th-highest in the world.[35] Gaza's unemployment rate is among the highest in the world, with an overall unemployment rate of 46% and a youth unemployment rate of 70%.[20][36] Despite this, the area's 97% literacy rate is higher than that of nearby Egypt, while youth literacy is 88%.[37] Gaza has throughout the years been seen as a source of Palestinian nationalism and resistance.[38][39][40] Gaza Strip Gaza Strip Flag of Hamas Hamas government North GazaGazaGAZA CITYDeir al-BalahKhan YunisRafah vte History See also: History of Gaza City Historically part of the Palestine region, the area was controlled since the 16th century by the Ottoman Empire; in 1906 the Ottomans and the British Empire set the region's international border with Egypt.[41] With the defeat of the Central Powers in World War I and the subsequent partition of the Ottoman Empire, the British deferred the governance of the Gaza Strip area to Egypt, which declined the responsibility.[42] Britain itself kept and ruled the territory it occupied in 1917–18, from 1920 until 1948 under the internationally accepted frame of "Mandatory Palestine." 1948–1959: All-Palestine government Main articles: All-Palestine Protectorate and All-Palestine Government During the 1948 Palestine war and more specifically the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, tens of thousands of Palestinian refugees fled or were expelled to the Gaza Strip.[43] By the end of the war, 25% of Mandatory Palestine's Arab population was in Gaza, though the Strip constituted only 1% of the land.[44] The same year, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established to administer various refugee programmes.[45] On 22 September 1948 (near the end of the Arab–Israeli War), in the Egyptian-occupied Gaza City, the Arab League proclaimed the All-Palestine Government, partly to limit Transjordan's influence over Palestine. The All-Palestine Protectorate was quickly recognized by six of the Arab League's then-seven members (excluding Transjordan): Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen.[46] It was not recognized by any other country.[citation needed] After the cessation of hostilities, the Israel–Egypt Armistice Agreement of 24 February 1949 established the line of separation between Egyptian and Israeli forces, as well as the modern boundary between Gaza and Israel, which both signatories declared not to be an international border. The southern border with Egypt was unchanged.[41] Palestinians living in Gaza or Egypt were issued All-Palestine passports. Egypt did not offer them citizenship. From the end of 1949, they received aid directly from UNRWA. During the Suez Crisis (1956), Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula were occupied by Israeli troops, who withdrew under international pressure. The All-Palestine government was accused of being little more than a façade for Egyptian control, with negligible independent funding or influence. It subsequently moved to Cairo and dissolved in 1959 by decree of Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser.[citation needed] 1956–1957: Israeli occupation Further information: Suez Crisis Palestinians in an outdoor market in the Gaza Strip in 1956 During the 1956 Suez Crisis (the Second Arab–Israeli war), Israel invaded Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula. On 3 November, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) attacked Egyptian and Palestinian forces at Khan Yunis.[47] The city of Khan Yunis resisted being captured, and Israel responded with a heavy bombing campaign that inflicted heavy civilian casualties.[48] After a fierce battle, the Israeli 37th Armored Brigade's Sherman tanks broke through the heavily fortified lines outside of Khan Yunis held by the 86th Palestinian Brigade.[49] After some street-fighting with Egyptian soldiers and Palestinian fedayeen, Khan Yunis fell to the Israelis.[49] Upon capturing Khan Yunis, the IDF committed an alleged massacre.[50] Israeli troops started executing unarmed Palestinians, mostly civilians; in one instance men were lined up against walls in central square and executed with machine guns.[51] The claims of a massacre were reported to the United Nations General Assembly on 15 December 1956 by UNRWA director Henry Labouisse, who reported from "trustworthy sources" that 275 people were killed in the massacre, of which 140 were refugees and 135 local residents.[52][53] On 12 November, days after the hostilities had ended, Israel killed 111 people in the Rafah refugee camp during Israeli operations, provoking international criticism.[54][50] Israel ended the occupation in March 1957, amid international pressure. During the four-month Israeli occupation, 900–1,231 people were killed.[55] According to French historian Jean-Pierre Filiu, 1% of the population of Gaza was killed, wounded, imprisoned or tortured during the occupation.[55] 1959–1967: Egyptian occupation Main article: Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt Che Guevara visiting Gaza in 1959 After the dissolution of the All-Palestine Government in 1959, under the excuse of pan-Arabism, Egypt continued to occupy Gaza until 1967. Egypt never annexed the Strip, but instead treated it as a controlled territory and administered it through a military governor.[56] The influx of over 200,000 refugees from former Mandatory Palestine, roughly a quarter of those who fled or were expelled from their homes during, and in the aftermath of, the 1948 Arab–Israeli War into Gaza[57] resulted in a dramatic decrease in the standard of living. Because the Egyptian government restricted movement to and from Gaza, its inhabitants could not look elsewhere for gainful employment.[58] 1967: Israeli occupation See also: Israeli Military Governorate In June 1967, during the Six-Day War, IDF captured Gaza. Under the then head of Israel's Southern Command Ariel Sharon, dozens of Palestinians, suspected of being members of the resistance, were executed without trial.[59] Between 1967 and 1968, Israel evicted approximately 75,000 residents of the Gaza Strip who Golda Meir described as a "fifth column". In addition, at least 25,000 Gazan residents were prevented from returning after the 1967 war. Ultimately, the Strip lost 25% (a conservative estimate) of its prewar population between 1967 and 1968.[60] In 1970-1971 Ariel Sharon implemented what became known as a 'five finger' strategy, which consisted in creating military areas and settlements by breaking the Strip into five zones to better enable Israeli uccupation, settlement and, by discontinuous fragmentation of the Palestinian zones created, allow an efficient management of the area. Thousands of homes were bulldozed and large numbers of Bedouin families were exiled to the Sinai.[61][62][63] Between 1973 (after the Yom Kippur War) and 1987, official policy on economic development in the Gaza Strip remained the same as in 1969 with limited local investment and economic opportunity coming primarily from employment in Israel.[64] Gaza City in 1967 According to Tom Segev, moving the Palestinians out of the country had been a persistent element of Zionist thinking from early times.[65] In December 1967, during a meeting at which the Security Cabinet brainstormed about what to do with the Arab population of the newly occupied territories, one of the suggestions Prime Minister Levi Eshkol proffered regarding Gaza was that the people might leave if Israel restricted their access to water supplies.[66] A number of measures, including financial incentives, were taken shortly afterwards to begin to encourage Gazans to emigrate elsewhere.[65][67] Following the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, "various international agencies struggled to respond" and American Near East Refugee Aid was founded to help victims of the conflict by providing immediate emergency relief.[68] Israeli soldiers in Gaza in 1969 Subsequent to this military victory, Israel created the first Israeli settlement bloc in the Strip, Gush Katif, in the southwest corner near Rafah and the Egyptian border on a spot where a small kibbutz had previously existed for 18 months between 1946 and 1948. The kibbutz community had been established as part of the Jewish Agency's "11 points in the Negev" plan, in which 11 Jewish villages were built across the Negev in a single night as a response to the Morrison-Grady Plan, which threatened to exclude the Negev from a future Jewish State. In total, between 1967 and 2005, Israel established 21 settlements in Gaza, comprising 20% of the total territory. The economic growth rate from 1967 to 1982 averaged roughly 9.7 percent per annum, due in good part to expanded income from work opportunities inside Israel, which had a major utility for the latter by supplying the country with a large unskilled and semi-skilled workforce. Gaza's agricultural sector was adversely affected as one-third of the Strip was appropriated by Israel, competition for scarce water resources stiffened, and the lucrative cultivation of citrus declined with the advent of Israeli policies, such as prohibitions on planting new trees and taxation that gave breaks to Israeli producers, factors which militated against growth. Gaza's direct exports of these products to Western markets, as opposed to Arab markets, was prohibited except through Israeli marketing vehicles, in order to assist Israeli citrus exports to the same markets. The overall result was that large numbers of farmers were forced out of the agricultural sector. Israel placed quotas on all goods exported from Gaza, while abolishing restrictions on the flow of Israeli goods into the Strip. Sara Roy characterised the pattern as one of structural de-development.[64] On 26 March 1979, Israel and Egypt signed the Egypt–Israel peace treaty.[69] Among other things, the treaty provided for the withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War. The Egyptians agreed to keep the Sinai Peninsula demilitarized. The final status of the Gaza Strip, and other relations between Israel and Palestinians, was not dealt with in the treaty. Egypt renounced all territorial claims to territory north of the international border. The Gaza Strip remained under Israeli military administration. The Israeli military became responsible for the maintenance of civil facilities and services. After the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty, a 100-meter-wide buffer zone between Gaza and Egypt known as the Philadelphi Route was established. The international border along the Philadelphi corridor between Egypt and Gaza is 11 kilometres (7 miles) long. 1987: First Intifada Main article: First Intifada Israeli soldiers opposite Palestinian protesters in the strip during the First Intifada in 1987 The First Intifada was a sustained series of protests and violent riots carried out by Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied Palestinian territories and Israel.[70] It was motivated by collective Palestinian frustration over Israel's military occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, as it approached a twenty-year mark, having begun after Israel's victory in the 1967 Arab–Israeli War.[71] The uprising lasted from December 1987 until the Madrid Conference of 1991, though some date its conclusion to 1993, with the signing of the Oslo Accords. The intifada began on 9 December 1987,[72] in the Jabalia refugee camp of the Gaza Strip after an Israeli army truck collided with a civilian car, killing four Palestinian workers.[73] Palestinians charged that the collision was a deliberate response for the killing of an Israeli in Gaza days earlier.[74] Israel denied that the crash, which came at time of heightened tensions, was intentional or coordinated.[75] The Palestinian response was characterized by protests, civil disobedience, and violence.[76][77] There was graffiti, barricading,[78][79] and widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the IDF and its infrastructure within the West Bank and Gaza Strip. These contrasted with civil efforts including general strikes, boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, and refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses.[76][77][78][79] 1994: Gaza under Palestinian Authority In May 1994, following the Palestinian-Israeli agreements known as the Oslo Accords, a phased transfer of governmental authority to the Palestinians took place. Much of the Strip came under Palestinian control, except for the settlement blocs and military areas. The Israeli forces left Gaza City and other urban areas, leaving the new Palestinian Authority to administer and police those areas. The Palestinian Authority, led by Yasser Arafat, chose Gaza City as its first provincial headquarters. In September 1995, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) signed a second agreement, extending the Palestinian Authority to most West Bank towns. Between 1994 and 1996, Israel built the Gaza–Israel barrier to improve security in Israel. The barrier was largely torn down by Palestinians at the beginning of the Second Intifada in September 2000.[80] 2000: Second Intifada Main article: Second Intifada An IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer demolishing a house in the Gaza Strip during the Second Intifada The Second Intifada was a major Palestinian uprising in the Israeli-occupied Palestinian territories and Israel. The general triggers for the unrest are speculated to have been centred on the failure of the 2000 Camp David Summit, which was expected to reach a final agreement on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process in July 2000.[81] Outbreaks of violence began in September 2000, after Ariel Sharon, then the Israeli opposition leader, made a provocative visit to the Al-Aqsa compound on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem;[81] the visit itself was peaceful, but, as anticipated, sparked protests and riots that Israeli police put down with rubber bullets and tear gas.[82] The Second Intifada also marked the beginning of rocket attacks and bombings of Israeli border localities by Palestinian guerrillas from the Gaza Strip, especially by the Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad movements. High numbers of casualties were caused among civilians as well as combatants. Israeli forces engaged in gunfire, targeted killings, and tank and aerial attacks, while Palestinians engaged in suicide bombings, gunfire, stone-throwing, and rocket attacks.[83][84] Palestinian suicide bombings were a prominent feature of the fighting and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting with the relatively less violent nature of the First Intifada.[85][86][87][88][89] With a combined casualty figure for combatants and civilians, the violence is estimated to have resulted in the deaths of approximately 3,000 Palestinians and 1,000 Israelis, as well as 64 foreigners.[90] Between December 2000 and June 2001, the barrier between Gaza and Israel was reconstructed. A barrier on the Gaza Strip-Egypt border was constructed starting in 2004.[91] The main crossing points are the northern Erez Crossing into Israel and the southern Rafah Crossing into Egypt. The eastern Karni Crossing used for cargo, closed down in 2011.[92] Israel controls the Gaza Strip's northern borders, as well as its territorial waters and airspace. Egypt controls Gaza Strip's southern border, under an agreement between it and Israel.[93] Neither Israel or Egypt permits free travel from Gaza as both borders are heavily militarily fortified. "Egypt maintains a strict blockade on Gaza in order to isolate Hamas from Islamist insurgents in the Sinai."[94] 2005: Israel's unilateral disengagement Main article: Israeli disengagement from Gaza Neve Dekalim was Gush Katif's urban center and the largest community In 2005, Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip and dismantled its settlements.[95] Israel also withdrew from the Philadelphi Route, a narrow strip of land adjacent to the border with Egypt, after Egypt agreed to secure its side of the border after the Agreement on Movement and Access, known as the Rafah Agreement.[96] The Gaza Strip was left under the control of the Palestinian Authority.[97] Post-2006: Hamas takeover Main article: Fatah–Hamas conflict In the Palestinian parliamentary elections held on 25 January 2006, Hamas won a plurality of 42.9% of the total vote and 74 out of 132 total seats (56%).[98][99] When Hamas assumed power the next month, Israel, the United States, the EU, Russia and the UN demanded that Hamas accept all previous agreements, recognize Israel's right to exist, and renounce violence; when Hamas refused,[100] they cut off direct aid to the Palestinian Authority, although some aid money was redirected to humanitarian organizations not affiliated with the government.[101] The resulting political disorder and economic stagnation led to many Palestinians emigrating from the Gaza Strip.[102] Gaza City skyline, 2007 In January 2007, fighting erupted between Hamas and Fatah. The deadliest clashes occurred in the northern Gaza Strip. On 30 January 2007, a truce was negotiated between Fatah and Hamas.[103] After a few days, new fighting broke out. On 1 February, Hamas killed 6 people in an ambush on a Gaza convoy which delivered equipment for Abbas' Palestinian Presidential Guard.[104] Fatah fighters stormed a Hamas-affiliated university in the Gaza Strip. Officers from Abbas' presidential guard battled Hamas gunmen guarding the Hamas-led Interior Ministry.[105] In May 2007, new fighting broke out between the factions.[106] Interior Minister Hani Qawasmi, who had been considered a moderate civil servant acceptable to both factions, resigned due to what he termed harmful behavior by both sides.[107] Fighting spread in the Gaza Strip, with both factions attacking vehicles and facilities of the other side. Following a breakdown in an Egyptian-brokered truce, Israel launched an air strike which destroyed a building used by Hamas. Ongoing violence prompted fear that it could bring the end of the Fatah-Hamas coalition government, and possibly the end of the Palestinian authority.[108] Hamas spokesman Moussa Abu Marzouk blamed the conflict between Hamas and Fatah on Israel, stating that the constant pressure of economic sanctions resulted in the "real explosion."[109] From 2006 to 2007 more than 600 Palestinians were killed in fighting between Hamas and Fatah.[110] 349 Palestinians were killed in fighting between factions in 2007. 160 Palestinians killed each other in June alone.[111] 2007: Hamas takeover Main article: Battle of Gaza (2007) Gaza City in 2007 Following the victory of Hamas in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Hamas and Fatah formed the Palestinian authority national unity government headed by Ismail Haniya. Shortly after, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in the course of the Battle of Gaza (June 2007),[112] seizing government institutions and replacing Fatah and other government officials with its own.[113] By 14 June, Hamas fully controlled the Gaza Strip. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas responded by declaring a state of emergency, dissolving the unity government and forming a new government without Hamas participation. PNA security forces in the West Bank arrested a number of Hamas members. In late June 2008, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Jordan declared the West Bank-based cabinet formed by Abbas as "the sole legitimate Palestinian government". Egypt moved its embassy from Gaza to the West Bank.[114] Saudi Arabia and Egypt supported reconciliation and a new unity government and pressed Abbas to start talks with Hamas. Abbas had always conditioned this on Hamas returning control of the Gaza Strip to the Palestinian Authority. After the takeover, Israel and Egypt closed their border crossings with Gaza. Palestinian sources reported that European Union monitors fled the Rafah Border Crossing, on the Gaza–Egypt border for fear of being kidnapped or harmed.[115] Arab foreign ministers and Palestinian officials presented a united front against control of the border by Hamas.[116] Meanwhile, Israeli and Egyptian security reports said that Hamas continued smuggling in large quantities of explosives and arms from Egypt through tunnels. Egyptian security forces uncovered 60 tunnels in 2007.[117] Egyptian border barrier breach A view of Gaza in January 2009 On 23 January 2008, after months of preparation during which the steel reinforcement of the border barrier was weakened,[118] Hamas destroyed several parts of the wall dividing Gaza and Egypt in the town of Rafah. Hundreds of thousands of Gazans crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies. Due to the crisis, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak ordered his troops to allow the Palestinians in but to verify that they did not bring weapons back across the border.[119] Egypt arrested and later released several armed Hamas militants in the Sinai who presumably wanted to infiltrate into Israel. At the same time, Israel increased its state of alert along the length of the Israel–Egypt Sinai border, and warned its citizens to leave Sinai "without delay." In February 2008, the Israel–Gaza conflict intensified, with rockets launched at Israeli cities. Aggression by Hamas led to Israeli military action on 1 March 2008, resulting in over 110 Palestinians being killed according to BBC News, as well as 2 Israeli soldiers. Israeli human rights group B'Tselem estimated that 45 of those killed were not involved in hostilities, and 15 were minors.[120] 2008–2009: Gaza War Main article: Gaza War (2008–2009) Buildings damaged during the 2008-2009 Gaza war On 27 December 2008,[121] Israeli F-16 fighters launched a series of air strikes against targets in Gaza following the breakdown of a temporary truce between Israel and Hamas.[122] Israel began a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on 3 January 2009.[123] Various sites that Israel claimed were being used as weapons depots were struck from the air : police stations, schools, hospitals, UN warehouses, mosques, various Hamas government buildings and other buildings.[124] Israel said that the attack was a response to Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel, which totaled over 3,000 in 2008, and which intensified during the few weeks preceding the operation. Israel advised people near military targets to leave before the attacks. Israeli defense sources said that Defense Minister Ehud Barak instructed the IDF to prepare for the operation six months before it began, using long-term planning and intelligence-gathering.[125] Gaza City in 2012 A total of 1,100–1,400[126] Palestinians (295–926 civilians) and 13 Israelis were killed in the 22-day war.[127] The conflict damaged or destroyed tens of thousands of homes,[128][129] 15 of Gaza's 27 hospitals and 43 of its 110 primary health care facilities,[130] 800 water wells,[131] 186 greenhouses,[132] and nearly all of its 10,000 family farms;[133] leaving 50,000 homeless,[134] 400,000–500,000 without running water,[134][135] one million without electricity,[135] and resulting in acute food shortages.[136] The people of Gaza still suffer from the loss of these facilities and homes, especially since they have great challenges to rebuild them. 2014: Gaza War On 5 June 2014, Fatah signed a unity agreement with the Hamas political party.[137] The 2014 Gaza War, also known as Operation Protective Edge, was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip. Following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers in the West Bank by Hamas-affiliated Palestinian militants, the IDF initiated Operation Brother's Keeper, in which some 350 Palestinians, including nearly all of the active Hamas militants in the West Bank, were arrested.[138][139][140] Hamas subsequently fired a greater number of rockets into Israel from Gaza, triggering a seven-week-long conflict between the two sides. It was one of the deadliest outbreaks of open conflict between Israel and the Palestinians in decades. The combination of Palestinian rocket attacks and Israeli airstrikes resulted in thousands of deaths, the vast majority of which were Gazan Palestinians.[141] 2018–2019: Great March of Return Main article: Great March of Return UN OCHA map of the Great March of Return protests, 31 May 2018 In 2018–2019, a series of protests, also known as the Great March of Return, were held each Friday in the Gaza Strip near the Israel–Gaza barrier from 30 March 2018 until 27 December 2019, during which a total of 223 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces.[142][143] The demonstrators demanded that the Palestinian refugees must be allowed to return to lands they were displaced from in what is now Israel. They protested against Israel's land, air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip and the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel.[144][145][146][147][148] Most of the demonstrators demonstrated peacefully far from the border fence. Peter Cammack, a fellow with the Middle East Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, argued that the march indicated a new trend in Palestinian society and Hamas, with a shift away from violence towards non-violent forms of protest.[149] Nevertheless, groups consisting mainly of young men approached the fence and committed acts of violence directed towards the Israeli border.[150][151][152][153][154] Israeli officials said the demonstrations were used by Hamas as cover for launching attacks against Israel.[155] 2018 Gaza border protests, Bureij refugee camp in Gaza In late February 2019, a United Nations Human Rights Council's independent commission found that of the 489 cases of Palestinian deaths or injuries analyzed, only two were possibly justified as responses to danger by Israeli security forces. The commission deemed the rest of the cases illegal, and concluded with a recommendation calling on Israel to examine whether war crimes or crimes against humanity had been committed, and if so, to bring those responsible to trial.[156][157] On 28 February 2019, the Commission said it had "'reasonable grounds' to believe Israeli soldiers may have committed war crimes and shot at journalists, health workers and children during protests in Gaza in 2018." Israel refused to take part in the inquiry and rejected the report.[158] 2021: Israel–Palestine crisis Before the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, Gaza had 48% unemployment and half of the population lived in poverty. During the crisis, 66 children died (551 children in the previous conflict). On 13 June 2021, a high level World Bank delegation visited Gaza to witness the damage. Mobilization with UN and EU partners is ongoing to finalize a needs assessment in support of Gaza's reconstruction and recovery.[159] Another escalation between 5 and 8 August 2022 resulted in property damage and displacement of people as a result of airstrikes.[160][161] 2023–2024: Israel–Hamas war Main articles: Israel–Hamas war, Outline of the Israel–Hamas war, Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present), and Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip See also: Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present) and Gaza Strip evacuations Israeli soldiers in the Gaza Strip on 31 October 2023 On 7 October 2023, the paramilitaries in Gaza, led by the Hamas's Al-Qassam Brigades, invaded southwest Israel, targeting Israeli communities and military bases, killing at least 1,300 people and taking at least 236 hostages.[162] On 9 October 2023, Israel declared war on Hamas and imposed a "total blockade" of the Gaza Strip,[163] with Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declaring, "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly."[164][165] Gallant changed his position after pressure from US President Joe Biden, and a deal was made on 19 October for Israel and Egypt to allow aid into Gaza.[166] Gaza is currently undergoing a severe humanitarian crisis.[167] By 13 November 2023, one out of every 200 people in Gaza were killed, becoming one out of every 100 by January 2024.[168][169] As of 21 December 2023, according to the Gaza Health Ministry, at least 20,000 Palestinians, including over 8,000 children, have been killed.[170] More than 85% of Palestinians in Gaza, or around 1.9 million people, were internally displaced.[171] As of January 2024, Israel's offensive has either damaged or destroyed 70–80% of all buildings in northern Gaza.[172][173] After the outbreak of the Israel-Hamas war in 2023, there has been a renewed campaign to return Israeli settlers to Gush Katif,[174] including Hanan Ben Ari singing "We return to Gush Katif" to Israeli troops.[175] Geography Palestinians on the Gaza beach in 2006 Gaza City in 2018 The Gaza Strip is 41 km (25 mi) long, from 6 to 12 km (3.7 to 7.5 mi) wide, and has a total area of 365 km2 (141 sq mi).[29][30] It has a 51 km (32 mi) border with Israel, and an 11 km (7 mi) border with Egypt, near the city of Rafah.[176] Khan Yunis is located 7 km (4.3 mi) northeast of Rafah, and several towns around Deir el-Balah are located along the coast between it and Gaza City. Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun are located to the north and northeast of Gaza City, respectively. The Gush Katif bloc of Israeli settlements used to exist on the sand dunes adjacent to Rafah and Khan Yunis, along the southwestern edge of the 40 km (25 mi) Mediterranean coastline. Al Deira beach is a popular venue for surfers.[177] The topography of the Gaza Strip is dominated by three ridges parallel to the coastline, which consist of Pleistocene-Holocene aged calcareous aeolian (wind deposited) sandstones, locally referred to as "kurkar", intercalated with red-coloured fine grained paleosols, referred to as "hamra". The three ridges are separated by wadis, which are filled with alluvial deposits.[178] The terrain is flat or rolling, with dunes near the coast. The highest point is Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda), at 105 m (344 ft) above sea level. The major river in Gaza Strip is Wadi Gaza, around which the Wadi Gaza Nature Reserve was established, to protect the only coastal wetland in the Strip.[179][180] Climate The Gaza Strip has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), with warm winters during which practically all the annual rainfall occurs, and dry, hot summers. Despite the dryness, humidity is high throughout the year. Annual rainfall is higher than in any part of Egypt at between 225 mm (9 in) in the south and 400 mm (16 in) in the north, but almost all of this falls between November and February. Environment issues Environmental problems in Gaza include desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment; water-borne diseases; soil degradation; and depletion and contamination of underground water resources. A United Nations official said in 2024 that "it could take 14 years ... to clear debris, including rubble from destroyed buildings" (of the Israel–Hamas war).[181] Governance Hamas government Main articles: Governance of the Gaza Strip and Hamas government of 2012 Damaged UN school and remmants of the Ministry of Interior in Gaza City, December 2012 Since its takeover of Gaza, Hamas has exercised executive authority over the Gaza Strip, and it governs the territory through its own ad hoc executive, legislative, and judicial bodies.[182] The Hamas government of 2012 was the second Palestinian Hamas-dominated government, ruling over the Gaza Strip, since the split of the Palestinian National Authority in 2007. It was announced in early September 2012.[183] The reshuffle of the previous government was approved by Gaza-based Hamas MPs from the Palestinian Legislative Council or parliament.[183] Since the Hamas takeover in 2007, the Gaza Strip has been described as a "de facto one-party state", although it tolerates other political groups, including leftist ones such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.[184][185][186][187] The legal code Hamas applies in Gaza is based on Ottoman laws, the British Mandate's 1936 legal code, Palestinian Authority law, Sharia law, and Israeli military orders. Hamas maintains a judicial system with civilian and military courts and a public prosecution service.[182][188] Gaza Strip was ranked 6th least electoral democracy in the Middle East and North Africa according to V-Dem Democracy indices in 2024 with a score of 0.136 out of one.[189] Security The Gaza Strip's security is mainly handled by Hamas through its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, internal security service, and civil police force. The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades have an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 operatives.[190] Other groups and ideologies A rally in support of Fatah in Gaza City in January 2013 Other Palestinian militant factions operate in the Gaza Strip alongside, and sometimes opposed to Hamas. The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine, also known as the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) is the second largest militant faction operating in the Gaza Strip. Its military wing, the Al-Quds Brigades, has an estimated 8,000 fighters.[191][192][193][194] In June 2013, the Islamic Jihad broke ties with Hamas leaders after Hamas police fatally shot the commander of Islamic Jihad's military wing.[192] The third largest faction is the Popular Resistance Committees. Its military wing is known as the Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades. Other factions include the Army of Islam (an Islamist faction of the Doghmush clan), the Nidal Al-Amoudi Battalion (an offshoot of the West Bank-based Fatah-linked al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades), the Abu Ali Mustapha Brigades (armed wing of the PFLP), the Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (ISIL offshoot), Humat al-Aqsa, Jaysh al-Ummah, Katibat al-Sheikh al-Emireen, the Mujahideen Brigades, and the Abdul al-Qadir al-Husseini Brigades.[195] Some Salafi-Jihadis operating in Gaza have been using as part of their name the term ʻArḍ al-Ribat "Land of the Ribat", as a name for Palestine, literally meaning "the land of standing vigilant watch on the frontier", but understood in the context of global jihad, which is fundamentally opposed to local, Palestinian nationalism.[196] Administrative divisions The enclave is divided into five governorates: the North Gaza Governorate, Gaza Governorate, Deir al-Balah Governorate, Khan Yunis Governorate and Rafah Governorate. Legality of Hamas rule After Hamas's June 2007 takeover, it ousted Fatah-linked officials from positions of power and authority (such as government positions, security services, universities, newspapers, etc.) and strove to enforce law by progressively removing guns from the hands of peripheral militias, clans, and criminal groups, and gaining control of supply tunnels. According to Amnesty International, under Hamas rule, newspapers were closed down and journalists were harassed.[197] Fatah demonstrations were forbidden or suppressed, as in the case of a large demonstration on the anniversary of Yasser Arafat's death, which resulted in the deaths of seven people, after protesters hurled stones at Hamas security forces.[198] Hamas and other militant groups continued to fire Qassam rockets across the border into Israel. According to Israel, between the Hamas takeover and the end of January 2008, 697 rockets and 822 mortar bombs were fired at Israeli towns.[199] In response, Israel targeted Qassam launchers and military targets and declared the Gaza Strip a hostile entity. In January 2008, Israel curtailed travel from Gaza, the entry of goods, and cut fuel supplies, resulting in power shortages. This brought charges that Israel was inflicting collective punishment on the Gaza population, leading to international condemnation. Despite multiple reports from within the Strip that food and other essentials were in short supply,[200] Israel said that Gaza had enough food and energy supplies for weeks.[201] The Israeli government uses economic means to pressure Hamas. Among other things, it caused Israeli commercial enterprises like banks and fuel companies to stop doing business with the Gaza Strip. The role of private corporations in the relationship between Israel and the Gaza Strip is an issue that has not been extensively studied.[202] Status Due to both the Israeli blockade and Hamas's authoritarian policies and actions, US political organization Freedom House ranks Gaza as "not free".[182] A watchtower on the border between Rafah and Egypt Israeli occupation Despite the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza,[23] the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators consider the territory to be still occupied by Israel, supported by additional restrictions placed on Gaza by Egypt.[203][204][205][206] Israel maintains direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza: it controls Gaza's air and maritime space, as well as six of Gaza's seven land crossings. It reserves the right to enter Gaza at will with its military and maintains a no-go buffer zone within the Gaza territory. Gaza is dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications, and other utilities.[23] The extensive Israeli buffer zone within the Strip renders much land off-limits to Gaza's inhabitants.[207] The system of control imposed by Israel was described in the fall 2012 edition of International Security as an "indirect occupation".[208] The European Union (EU) considers Gaza to be occupied.[209] The international community regards all of the Palestinian territories including Gaza as occupied.[210] Human Rights Watch has declared at the UN Human Rights Council that it views Israel as a de facto occupying power in the Gaza Strip, even though Israel has no military or other presence, because the Oslo Accords authorize Israel to control the airspace and the territorial sea.[203][204][205] In his statement on the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur wrote that international humanitarian law applied to Israel "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war."[211] Amnesty International, the World Health Organization, Oxfam, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the United Nations, the United Nations General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, international human rights organizations, US government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and a significant number of legal commentators (Geoffrey Aronson, Meron Benvenisti, Claude Bruderlein, Sari Bashi, Kenneth Mann, Shane Darcy, John Reynolds, Yoram Dinstein, John Dugard, Marc S. Kaliser, Mustafa Mari, and Iain Scobbie) maintain that Israel's extensive direct external control over Gaza, and indirect control over the lives of its internal population mean that Gaza remained occupied.[212][213][214] In spite of Israel's withdrawal from Gaza in 2005, the Hamas government in Gaza considers Gaza as occupied territory.[215] Israel states that it does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions in the Gaza Strip and thus the Gaza Strip is no longer subject to the former military occupation.[216][217] Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel Tzipi Livni stated in January 2008: "Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement."[218] On 30 January 2008, the Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the Gaza Strip was not occupied by Israel in a decision on a petition against Israeli restrictions against the Gaza Strip which argued that it remained occupied. The Supreme Court ruled that Israel has not exercised effective control over the Gaza Strip since 2005, and accordingly, it was no longer occupied.[219] Israel's claim that the exercise of effective control or authority determines occupation in international law is based on previous court rulings. At the Nuremberg trials, it was established that "occupation indicates the exercise of governmental authority to the exclusion of the established government".[220] Similarly, according to the Hague Convention, "territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army".[221] In 2015, The European Court of Human Rights concluded that occupation required "the presence of foreign troops, which are in a position to exercise effective control without the consent of the sovereign." The court added in the context of current occupation that "according to widespread expert opinion, physical presence of foreign troops is a sine qua non requirement of occupation, that is, occupation is not conceivable without “boots on the ground”, therefore forces exercising naval or air control through a naval or air blockade do not suffice."[222] In a legal analysis Hanne Cuyckens agrees with the Israeli position that Gaza is no longer occupied: "Gaza is not technically occupied, given that there is no longer any effective control in the sense of Article 42 of the Hague Regulations. ... Even though the majority argues that the Gaza Strip is still occupied, the effective control test at the core of the law of occupation is no longer met and hence Gaza is no longer occupied." She disagrees that Israel cannot therefore be held responsible for the situation in Gaza because: "Nonetheless, Israel continues to exercise an important level of control over the Gaza Strip and its population, making it difficult to accept that it would no longer have any obligations with regard to the Strip. ... the absence of occupation does not mean the absence of accountability. This responsibility is however not founded on the law of occupation but on general international humanitarian law, potentially complemented by international human rights law".[223] Yuval Shany also argues that Israel is probably not an occupying power in Gaza under international law, writing that "it is difficult to continue and regard Israel as the occupying power in Gaza under the traditional law of occupation".[224] Gaza Strip with Israeli-controlled borders and limited fishing zone, as of December 2012 Avi Bell argues that the Gaza Strip is not occupied as the Israeli blockade does not constitute effective control, citing several international legal precedents that the occupier must be in direct control with forces on the ground and have direct control over the civilian population superior to that of the established government. He argues that Israeli control over Gaza does not meet these standards.[225] Likewise, Alex Stein claimed in 2014 that Israel did not occupy Gaza and its only obligation was to minimize harm to the civilian population during military operations.[226] Characterization as open-air prison Several rights groups have characterized the situation in Gaza as an "open-air prison",[227][25] including the United Nations,[228] Human Rights Watch,[229] and the Norwegian Refugee Council.[230] This characterization was often cited by a number of human rights activists, politicians, and media news outlets reporting on the Gaza-Israel conflict and the wider Palestinian-Israeli conflict.[231][232][233][234][235][236] Former British Prime Minister David Cameron,[237] US Senator Bernie Sanders,[238] Israeli journalist Gideon Levy,[239] and Israeli historian Ilan Pappe have endorsed this characterization as well.[240] In 2022, Human Rights Watch issued a report on the situation in the Gaza Strip, which it called an "open-air prison" due to the blockade and held Israel responsible as the occupying power, and to a lesser degree Egypt, which has restricted movement of Palestinians through its border.[229] The report highlighted how this blockade has led to humanitarian crises, namely shortages of essential supplies, limited access to healthcare, and high levels of poverty and unemployment among the Palestinian population in Gaza.[229] It claimed that Israel has formed a formal policy of separation between Gaza and the West Bank, despite both forming parts of the Palestinian territories.[229] The Israeli blockade on Gaza has restricted the freedom of movement of Gaza Palestinians to both the West Bank and the outside world; in particular, Palestinian professionals were most impacted by these restrictions, as applying for travel permit takes several weeks.[229] The Norwegian Refugee Council report issued in 2018 called the territory "the world's largest open-air prison", highlighting in it several figures, including lack of access to clean water, to reliable electrical supply, to health care, food and employment opportunities.[230] It lamented the fact that a majority of Palestinian children in Gaza suffer from psychological trauma, and a portion of which suffer from stunted growth.[230] Statehood Some Israeli analysts have argued that the Gaza Strip can be considered a de facto state, even if not internationally recognized as such. Israeli Major General Giora Eiland, who headed Israel's National Security Council, has argued that after the disengagement and Hamas takeover, the Gaza Strip became a de facto state for all intents and purposes, writing that "It has clear borders, an effective government, an independent foreign policy and an army. These are the exact characteristics of a state."[241] Yagil Levy, a professor of Political Sociology and Public Policy at the Open University of Israel, wrote in a Haaretz column that "Gaza is a state in every respect, at least as social scientists understand the term. It has a central government with an army that's subordinate to it and that protects a population living in a defined territory. Nevertheless, Gaza is a castrated state. Israel and Egypt control its borders. The Palestinian Authority pays for the salaries of some of its civil servants. And the army doesn't have a monopoly on armed force, because there are independent militias operating alongside it."[242] Moshe Arens, a former Israeli diplomat who served as Foreign Minister and Defense Minister, likewise wrote that Gaza is a state as "it has a government, an army, a police force and courts that dispense justice of sorts."[243] In November 2018, Israeli Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked asserted that Gaza is an independent state, stating that Palestinians "already have a state" in Gaza.[244] Geoffrey Aronson has likewise argued that the Gaza Strip can be considered a proto-state with some aspects of sovereignty, writing that "a proto-state already exists in the Gaza Strip, with objective attributes of sovereignty the Ramallah-based Mahmoud Abbas can only dream about. Gaza is a single, contiguous territory with de facto borders, recognised, if not always respected, by friend and foe alike. There are no permanently stationed foreign occupiers and, most importantly, no civilian Israeli settlements."[245] Writing in Newsweek, journalist Marc Schulman referred to Gaza as "an impoverished proto-state that lives off aid."[246] Control over airspace Beit Hanoun region of Gaza in August 2014, after Israeli bombardments As agreed between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in the Oslo Accords, Israel has exclusive control over the airspace. Contrarily to the Oslo Accords, however, Israel interferes with Gaza's radio and TV transmissions, and Israel prevents the Palestinians from operating a seaport or airport.[247] The Accords permitted Palestinians to construct an airport, which was duly built and opened in 1998. Israel destroyed Gaza's only airport in 2001 and again in 2002, during the Second Intifada.[248][249] The Israeli army makes use of drones, which can launch precise missiles. They are equipped with high-resolution cameras and other sensors. The missile fired from a drone has its own cameras that allow the operator to observe the target from the moment of firing. After a missile has been launched, the drone operator can remotely divert it elsewhere. Drone operators can view objects on the ground in detail during both day and night.[250] Israeli drones routinely patrol over Gaza, and engage in missile strikes which reportedly kill more civilians than militants; the drones also produce a buzzing noise audible from the ground which Palestinians in Gaza refer to as zanana.[251][252]: 6  Buffer zone Part of the territory is depopulated because of the imposition of buffer zones on both the Israeli and Egyptian borders.[253][254][255] Initially, Israel imposed a 50-meter buffer zone in Gaza.[256] In 2000, it was expanded to 150 meters.[254] Following the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza, an undefined buffer zone was maintained, including a no-fishing zone along the coast. The ultimate effect of the enforcement of the no-fishing zone was that the fishing industry in Gaza "virtually ceased."[257] In 2009/2010, Israel expanded the buffer zone to 300 meters.[258][256][259] The Israeli military stated that this buffer zone extended to 300 meters from the security fence, although UN bodies and other organizations operating in the region reported that the area extended at least a kilometer from the security fence before 2012. The buffer zone before the implementation of the ceasefire that followed the 2012 clashes accounted to 14% of the whole territory of the Strip and contained 30–55% of its total arable land. A 2012 UN report estimated that 75,000 metric tons of potential produce were lost per year as a result of the buffer zone, amounting to US$50.2 million per year.[260] The IDMC estimated in 2014 that 12% of the population of Gaza was directly affected by the land and sea restrictions due to the buffer zone.[261] [253][256] On 25 February 2013, pursuant to a November 2012 ceasefire, Israel declared a buffer zone of 100 meters on land and 6 nautical miles offshore. In the following month, the zone was changed to 300 meters and 3 nautical miles. The 1994 Gaza Jericho Agreement allows 20 nautical miles, and the 2002 Bertini Commitment allows 12 nautical miles.[258][254] In August 2015, the IDF confirmed a buffer zone of 300 meters for residents and 100 meters for farmers, but without explaining how to distinguish between the two.[262] As of 2015, on a third of Gaza's agricultural land, residents risk Israeli attacks. According to PCHR, Israeli attacks take place up to approximately 1.5 km (0.9 mi) from the border, making 17% of Gaza's total territory a risk zone.[254] Israel says the buffer zone is needed to protect Israeli communities just over the border from sniper fire and rocket attacks. In the 18 months until November 2010, one Thai farm worker in Israel was killed by a rocket fired from Gaza. In 2010, according to IDF figures, 180 rockets and mortars had been fired into Israel by militants. In 6 months, 11 Palestinians civilians, including four children, had been killed by Israeli fire and at least 70 Palestinian civilians were injured in the same period, including at least 49 who were working collecting rubble and scrap metal.[253] A buffer zone was also created on the Egyptian side of the Gaza–Egypt border. In 2014, scores of homes in Rafah were destroyed for the buffer zone.[263] According to Amnesty International, more than 800 homes were destroyed and more than 1,000 families evicted.[264] Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas agreed with the destruction of smuggling tunnels by flooding them, and then punishing the owners of the houses that contained entrances to the tunnels, including demolishing their houses, arguing that the tunnels had produced 1,800 millionaires, and were used for smuggling weapons, drugs, cash, and equipment for forging documents.[264] Gaza blockade Main article: Blockade of the Gaza Strip Israel and Egypt maintain a blockade of the Gaza Strip in response to security concerns, such as the smuggling of weapons into Gaza. Israel has also stated that the blockade serves as "economic warfare".[38] The Israeli human rights organization Gisha reports that the blockade undermines basic living conditions and human rights in Gaza.[265] The Red Cross has reported that the blockade harms the economy and causes a shortage of basic medicines and equipment such as painkillers and x-ray film.[266] Israel describes the blockade as necessary to prevent the smuggling of weapons into Gaza. Israel maintains that the blockade is legal and necessary to limit Palestinian rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip on its cities and to prevent Hamas from obtaining other weapons,[267][268][269] although the legality of the blockade has been challenged by multiple human rights organizations.[270][271] According to director of the Shin Bet, Hamas and Islamic Jihad had smuggled in over "5,000 rockets with ranges up to 40 km (25 mi)." Some of the rockets could reach as far as the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area.[272] Tent camp, April 2009, after Operation Cast Lead Facing mounting international pressure, Egypt lessened the restrictions starting in June 2010, when the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza was partially opened by Egypt. Egypt's foreign ministry said that the crossing would remain open mainly for people, but not for supplies.[273] Israel also eased restrictions in June 2010 as a result of international pressure following the Gaza flotilla raid after which food shortages decreased.[274] The World Bank reported in 2012 that access to Gaza remained highly restricted and exports to the West Bank and Israel from Gaza are prohibited.[275] This ban on exports was not lifted until 2014.[276] In January and February 2011, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) assessed measures taken to ease the blockade[277] and concluded that they were helpful but not sufficient to improve the lives of the local inhabitants.[277] UNOCHA called on Israel to reduce restrictions on exports and the import of construction materials, and to lift the general ban on movement between Gaza and the West Bank via Israel.[277] According to The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, the blockade resulted in a loss of over $17 million in exports in 2006 from 2005 (roughly 3% of all Palestinian exports).[278] After Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak resigned on 28 May 2011, Egypt permanently opened its border with Gaza to students, medical patients, and foreign passport holders.[277][279] Following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Egypt's military has destroyed most of the 1,200 tunnels which are used for smuggling food, weapons, and other goods to Gaza.[280] After the August 2013 Rabaa Massacre in Egypt, the border crossing was closed 'indefinitely.'[281] While the import of food is restricted through the Gaza blockade, the Israeli military destroys agricultural crops by spraying toxic chemicals over the Gazan lands, using aircraft flying over the border zone. According to the IDF, the spraying is intended "to prevent the concealment of IED's [Improvised Explosive Devices], and to disrupt and prevent the use of the area for destructive purposes."[282] Gaza's agricultural research and development station was destroyed in 2014 and again in January 2016, while import of new equipment is obstructed.[283] Movement of people Rafah Border Crossing in 2012 Because of the Israeli–Egyptian blockade, the population is not free to leave or enter the Gaza Strip. Only in exceptional cases are people allowed to pass through the Erez Crossing or the Rafah Border Crossing.[258][284][285][286] In 2015, a Gazan woman was not allowed to travel through Israel to Jordan on her way to her own wedding. The Israeli authorities found she did not meet the criteria for travel, namely only in exceptional humanitarian cases.[287] Under the long-term blockade, the Gaza Strip is often described as a "prison-camp or open air prison for its collective denizens". The comparison is done by observers, ranging from Roger Cohen and Lawrence Weschler to NGOs, such as B'tselem, and politicians and diplomats, such as David Cameron, Noam Chomsky, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, David Shoebridge and Sir John Holmes.[288][289][290][291][292][293][294][295] In 2014 French President François Hollande called for the demilitarization of Gaza and a lifting of the blockade, saying "Gaza must neither be an open prison nor a military base."[296] An anonymous Israeli analyst has called it "Israel's Alcatraz".[297] While Lauren Booth,[298][299] Philip Slater,[300] Giorgio Agamben[301] compare it to a concentration camp. For Robert S. Wistrich,[302] and Philip Mendes,[303] such analogies are designed to offend Jews, while Philip Seib dismisses the comparison as absurd, and claims that it arises from sources like Al Jazeera and Arab leaders.[304] Israel restricts movement of Palestinian residents between the West Bank and Gaza. Israel has implemented a policy of allowing Palestinian movement from the West Bank to Gaza, but making it quite difficult for Gaza residents to move to the West Bank. Israel typically refuses to allow Gaza residents to leave for the West Bank, even when the Gaza resident is originally a West Bank resident. The Israeli human-rights organization Gisha has helped Gaza residents who had moved from the West Bank to Gaza return to the West Bank arguing that extremely pressing personal circumstances provide humanitarian grounds for relief.[305] Economy See also: Economy of the Gaza Strip, Economy of the State of Palestine, and Blockade of the Gaza Strip Backyard industry During the course of the Israeli occupation, Gaza's economy has gone from a state of under-development with a deep dependency on Israel and strong ties to the West Bank, to a now isolated economy, deprived of the capacity to produce and innovate and subject to the damage of ongoing Israeli military attacks. Gaza's economy is characterized by high levels of unemployment and impoverishment, with over 75% of the population dependent on humanitarian aid. Political economist Sara Roy, the leading authority on the economy of the Gaza Strip, describes the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza as a turning point in Israeli policy, where previously Israel sought to control and dominate the economy of the Strip to serve its own interests, current policies seek to disable the economy, with the political goal of reducing the demands of the population for national, political and economic rights into a humanitarian problem.[38] The economy of the Gaza Strip is severely hampered by Egypt and Israel's almost total blockade, and has one of the world's highest population densities,[32][33] limited land access, strict internal and external security controls, the effects of Israeli military operations, and restrictions on labor and trade access across the border. A 2015 UN report estimated that 72% of the population suffers from food insecurity.[306] Per capita income was estimated at US$3,100 in 2009, a position of 164th in the world.[307] A UN report in 2022 estimated Gaza Strip's unemployment rate to be 45% and 65% of the population under poverty, living standards went down by 27% compared to 2006 and 80% of the population depends on international aid for survival.[308] Access to essential needs, such as water, is limited, with only 10–25% of households having access to running water on a daily basis, typically for only a few hours a day. Out of "dire necessity", 75–90% of the population relies on unsafe water from unregulated vendors. Accordingly, 26% of disease in Gaza is water related and a 48% prevalence of nitrate poisoning in children. The water shortage in Gaza is a result of Israeli policies and control of aquifers, withholding from Gaza enough water to meet Gaza's needs many times over.[38] The EU described the Gaza economy in 2013 as follows: "Since Hamas took control of Gaza in 2007 and following the closure imposed by Israel, the situation in the Strip has been one of chronic need, de-development and donor dependency, despite a temporary relaxation on restrictions in movement of people and goods following a flotilla raid in 2010. The closure has effectively cut off access for exports to traditional markets in Israel, transfers to the West Bank and has severely restricted imports. Exports are now down to 2% of 2007 levels."[209] According to Sara Roy, one senior IDF officer told an UNWRA official in 2015 that Israel's policy towards Gaza consisted of: "No development, no prosperity, no humanitarian crisis."[309] Israeli policies following Israeli military occupation Israeli soldiers check Palestinian men in Gaza in 1969 In 1984, former deputy mayor of Jerusalem, Meron Benvenisti, described Israeli policy in the occupied territories as motivated primarily by the notion that Palestinian claims to economic and political rights are illegitimate. He wrote that the economic policies stifle Palestinian economic development with the primary goal of prohibiting the establishment of a Palestinian state.[310] Sara Roy describes Israeli policies in Gaza as policies of "de-development," which are specifically designed to destroy an economy and ensure that there can be no economic base to support local, independent development and growth. Roy explains that the framework for Israeli policy established between 1967 and 1973 would not change, even with the limited self-rule introduced by the Oslo Accords in the 1990s, but would grow dramatically more draconian in the early 2000s.[311] Israeli economic policies in Gaza tied long-term development directly to conditio

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(October 2023) Mike Jones [https://foreignagent.tv/] had me on yesterday. He wrote: Now banned from YouTube, Eva K Bartlett ( @Reality_Theories ) was kind enough to sit down with me and share her experience of living in Gaza. She describes the horrific conditions suffered by the Palestinian people and numerous war crimes perpetrated on a daily basis by Israel providing an educated and qualified perspective you'll likely not hear reported in the Western Media. Some recommended reading and resources from Eva: https://opt2007.wordpress.com/category/my-entries-from-occupied-palestine-apr-dec-2007/ https://ingaza.wordpress.com/2013/11/05/observations-from-occupied-palestine-part-1/ https://ingaza.wordpress.com/photos-and-videos-zionist-massacre-of-gaza-2008-2009/ https://ingaza.wordpress.com/2008/12/ https://ingaza.wordpress.com/2009/01/ https://ingaza.wordpress.com/2009/02/ https://ingaza.wordpress.com/2012/11/ https://ingaza.wordpress.com/2014/01/01/observations-from-occupied-palestine-in-gaza/ Eva's account of Israel killing medics: https://t.me/Reality_Theories/14526

Buy BaggyPants A Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/BaggyPants QUIT SMOKING OR VAPING NOW!!!!!!!!!!!! Excellent eBook: QUIT SMOKING OR DIE! https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/quit-smoking-or-die-richard-renstone/1136998725?ean=2940164378936 MY PARATHYROID -Learn about Hyperparathyroidism or Hypoparathyroidism https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/my-parathyroid-richard-renstone/1142399066 HE PROPAGANDISTS who slandered Hitler and Germany and National Socialism — in order to get us pepped up to fight and kill the people who were trying to save us — told a lot of lies. They told us lies, the “Holocaust” story just one out of many, designed to whip us into a frenzied hate so we would kill on command — and mostly, it worked. Actually, these propagandists would better be called “projectionists,” not so much because they use their media to project a false picture in our minds — but because they are projecting, in a psychological sense, their own actual characteristics and behavior falsely onto the Germans. The Germans under Hitler wanted to dominate Europe and the world with their military might, we are told. What exactly is US-armed and nuclear-armed Israel doing in the Middle East, if not dominating it? And what exactly is the Jews’ most egregiously slavish puppet, the United States, doing with its thousands of troops and innumerable military bases in dozens of countries all over the world — if not dominating it? Just look at this map, which I’ll include with the text version of this broadcast, that shows US military bases around the world — Europe is occupied and surrounded, the Middle East is occupied and surrounded, much of Asia is occupied and surrounded, Russia and Iran are certainly surrounded. This US military occupation of and dominance over a huge percentage of the Earth’s surface is so well known that it is now the stuff of Internet memes: “The Russians want war! — look how close they built their country to our military bases.” So true. This worldwide empire of power and dominance is far beyond anything that Hitler and Germany were ever even accused of wanting, much less achieving. And this worldwide empire of power and dominance isn’t even for the purpose of enriching the American people or giving them power — no, far from it. The regime in Washington works instead to enrich the Jewish elite, the vultures of Wall Street, the media oligarchs, the banking parasites. It is for them we slave, for them we send our sons to die. They say that the Germans wanted the people of other nations to be their slaves, to be exploited economically. What do the mega-corporations funded by the Jewish banks do on a worldwide scale, protected by the military might of their American Janissaries? Don’t they have factory after factory after factory, staffed by Third World labor, often child labor, working for pennies an hour and living in hovels not too different from cages? — working at pay rates so low that the workers could never afford to buy the electronic trinkets or branded sportswear they churn out amidst toxic fumes? — working under economic compulsion so great that the difference between their condition and slavery depends upon an extremely fine, perhaps even illusory, definition? And, speaking of exploitation and slavery, isn’t it slavery when one class of people — the Jewish bankers — have a monopoly on the creation of money and force everyone (even the State!) to pay a percentage of their wealth just for the “privilege” of using their own credit? Isn’t it slavery when every dollar in existence is really a dollar of debt to the bankers who created it with a bookkeeping entry? — when you work all your life and end up with nothing, while they don’t work and end up with everything? — when you have no privacy whatever, and every aspect of your life is tracked by their banking and credit system, and you have no choice about participating, aside from being a hermit? Haven’t Hitler’s enemies set up the ultimate exploitative system imaginable? — and weren’t the National Socialists trying to free the world of just this same parasitic system? — the system that now misrules us? Hitler tried to exterminate the Jewish people, they tell us. That, they further tell us, was the greatest crime in all history — a crime for which Germans must atone and pay forever. A crime so great that that in compensation not only the Germans, but all the kindred peoples of Europe, must forever renounce nationalism — must forever renounce any kind of racial solidarity or consciousness — must forever criminalize any act which tends to favor White Europeans in their own homelands or even dares to assert that White Europeans have a homeland or are a people. Yet we see around us every year, every day, every hour mounting evidence that the Jewish power structure that destroyed Hitler and enlisted our people in destroying Hitler is committing a genocide — the first genocide in history to aim at the extermination of one of the Earth’s major races, our race, the White race — the scale of which is hundreds of times greater than what Hitler was accused… Read more: https://nationalvanguard.org/2023/04/hitler-national-socialism-and-recruiting-for-our-cause/

The role of US citizens in Israel's settlement & military activities Settler violence and Israeli military raids in the occupied West Bank have surged since October 7. Residents have been displaced, homes have been attacked and Palestinians have been killed and injured. More than a dozen countries, including the United States, France, the United Kingdom and Australia have condemned the violence, and some have announced visa restrictions on anyone found to have taken part in the attacks. But these restrictions miss a big loophole: dual nationals. It is estimated that of the 700,000 settlers who live in occupied East Jerusalem and the West Bank, at least 60,000 are also American citizens. People & Power investigates the role US citizens play in Israel’s settlement and military activities in the occupied Palestinian territory.

The Geheime Staatspolizei ("Secret State Police"), abbreviated as 'Gestapo' was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one organisation. On 20 April 1934, oversight of the Gestapo passed to the head of the Schutzstaffel (SS), Heinrich Himmler, who was also appointed Chief of German Police by Hitler in 1936. Instead of being exclusively a Prussian state agency, the Gestapo became a national one as a sub-office of the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; Security Police). From 27 September 1939, it was administered by the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). It became known as Amt (Dept) 4 of the RSHA and was considered a sister organisation to the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service). The Gestapo committed widespread atrocities during its existence. The power of the Gestapo was used to focus upon political opponents, ideological dissenters (clergy and religious organisations), career criminals, the Sinti and Roma population, handicapped persons, homosexuals, and above all, the Jews. Those arrested by the Gestapo were often held without judicial process, and political prisoners throughout Germany—and from 1941, throughout the occupied territories under the Night and Fog Decree (German: Nacht und Nebel)—simply disappeared while in Gestapo custody. Contrary to popular perception, the Gestapo was actually a relatively small organization with limited surveillance capability; despite this the Gestapo proved extremely effective due to the willingness of ordinary Germans to report on fellow citizens. During World War II, the Gestapo played a key role in the Holocaust. After the war ended, the Gestapo was declared a criminal organisation by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at the Nuremberg trials, and several top Gestapo members were sentenced to death. ----------------- SEE MUCH MORE AT: https://www.GlobalFreedomTV.com SEE GLOBAL FREEDOM TV ON RUMBLE: https://rumble.com/c/GFTV SEE GLOBAL FREEDOM MEDIA ON RUMBLE: https://rumble.com/c/c-2350962 SEE MORE DOCUMENTARIES AT: https://www.GlobalFreedomTV.com/Page6a-Featured-Documentaries.htm SEE SUPREME LAW ENFORCEMENT: http://www.SupremeLawEnforcement.US (Forwards to > https) SEE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ON RUMBLE: https://rumble.com/c/c-3962074 SEE GOVERNMENT SPONSORED TERRORISM: https://www.ConstitutionalLawEnforcement.US/Page-Government-Terror.htm SEE THE ILLEGAL INVASION BY CRIMINAL GOVERNMENT FROM AMERICA'S BORDERS: https://www.ConstitutionalLawEnforcement.US/Page-Government-Border-Crimes.htm SEE THE AUTHORITARIAN RISE OF THE AMERICAN POLICE STATE: https://www.ConstitutionalLawEnforcement.US/Page-Government-Police-State.htm YOUR CONSTITUTIONAL SHERIFF AND THE LAW: Education, Tools, and Sources to Share with Your County Sheriff https://www.ConstitutionalLawEnforcement.US/Page7b-Constitutional-Sheriff.htm TAKE CITIZEN ACTION NOW!: http://www.CitizenActionNOW.US ! (Forwards to > https)

Este programa es solo para adultos y puede herir la sensibilidad de algunos espectadores. No me hago responsable por las opiniones expresadas por los tertulianos, colaboradores y comentaristas del canal, las cuales representan puntos de vista personales y no tienen porque coincidir con mi opinión. Jihadists surrender most important stronghold near occupied Golan Height – video https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jihadists-surrender-important-stronghold-near-occupied-golan-height-video/ Last jihadist pocket in west Damascus capitulates, militants surrender to Syrian Army https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/last-jihadist-pocket-west-damascus-capitulates-militants-surrender-syrian-army/ Syrian Army kills Maldivi rebel commander in west Damascus https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-kills-maldivi-rebel-commander-west-damascus/ Factions Fighting in the Syrian Civil War https://medium.com/@badly_xeroxed/factions-fighting-in-the-syrian-civil-war-283aefd720d5 EE.UU. estaría formando en Siria un "Nuevo ejército" de milicianos, la mitad del Estado Islámico https://es.rt.com/5iul Russia to Help Syria Rebuild Energy Facilities - Russian Deputy PM https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-12-18/russia-to-help-syria-rebuild-energy-facilities-russian-deputy-pm EE.UU. estaría formando en Siria un "Nuevo ejército" de milicianos, la mitad del Estado Islámico https://es.rt.com/5iul Russia to Help Syria Rebuild Energy Facilities - Russian Deputy PM https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-12-18/russia-to-help-syria-rebuild-energy-facilities-russian-deputy-pm $200bn to reconstruct war-torn Syria… the US and its partners should pay https://on.rt.com/8v3i Russian lower house ratifies deal to expand naval base in Syria’s Tartus https://on.rt.com/8vb5 Turkish Army kills 32 PKK fighters near Iraqi border https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/turkish-army-kills-32-pkk-fighters-near-iraqi-border/ CONGRESS DEMANDS DOJ TURN OVER EVIDENCE RELATED TO OBAMA-HEZBOLLAH DRUG TRAFFICKING http://www.thelastamericanvagabond.com/top-news/congress-demands-doj-turn-evidence-related-obama-hezbollah-drug-trafficking/ Australia da por concluido su operativo aéreo en Irak y Siria pero mantendrá casi 400 militares https://es.rt.com/5j7x Extremistas atacan una base rusa en Siria con lluvia de cohetes http://htv.mx/1e32 https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/syria/1.831101 Israeli TV Shows Footage Of ISIS Training Camp On Israel's Border http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-10-13/israeli-tv-shows-footage-isis-training-camp-israels-border Breaking: Syrian Army advances in southeast Idlib amid heavy resistance from jihadists https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-advances-southeast-idlib-amid-heavy-resistance-jihadists/ Russian forces destroy jihadist headquarters in southeast Idlib https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/russian-forces-destroy-jihadist-headquarters-southeast-idlib/ Syrian Tiger Forces unleash assault like never before on northern Hama – video https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-tiger-forces-unleash-assault-like-never-northern-hama-video/ Heavy protests against Kurdish government continue on fourth day https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/heavy-protests-kurdish-government-continue-fourth-day/ ISIS defeated in Syria and Iraq and al-Qaeda cornered: US foreign policy will re-ignite extremism https://elijahjm.wordpress.com/2017/12/23/isis-defeated-in-syria-and-iraq-and-al-qaeda-cornered-us-foreign-policy-will-re-ignite-extremism/ .No way back: Iraqi forces crowd Syrian border to prevent ISIL’s escape https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/no-way-back-iraqi-forces-crowd-syrian-border-prevent-isils-escape/ Over 350 prisoners held by Kurdish forces disappeared in Iraq’s Kirkuk – Watchdog https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/350-prisoners-held-kurdish-forces-disappeared-iraqs-kirkuk-watchdog/ Miles de personas murieron en batalla contra el Estado Islámico en Mosul https://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/mundo/nota/milesdepersonasmurieronenbatallacontraelestadoislamicoenmosul-2383740/ 35,000 Iraqi Security Men Killed in 3-Year War With IS https://financialtribune.com/articles/international/78192/35000-iraqi-security-men-killed-in-3-year-war-with-is Syria says military jet downed in northern Hama and pilot killed https://crusaderjournal.com/2017/12/26/syria-says-military-jet-downed-in-northern-hama-and-pilot-killed/ Strikes kill 19 in rebel village in Syria’s Idlib: Observatory, rescue service https://crusaderjournal.com/2017/12/20/strikes-kill-19-in-rebel-village-in-syrias-idlib-observatory-rescue-service/

1jews being people 2 jews being chosen People- 1 human beings in general or considered collectively 2 the men, women, and children of a particular nation, community, or ethnic group. "the native peoples" chosen- having been selected as the best or most appropriate john 8:44 Ye are of your father the devil, and the lusts of your father ye will do. He was a murderer from the beginning, and abode not in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaketh a lie, he speaketh of his own: for he is a liar, and the father of it. of-ek Preposition out of, from, by, away from. I John 3:12 "Not as Cain, who was of that wicked one, and slew his (half) brother.." Here the word "of" in Greek, when used implying a person, means "a son of or offspring." mattew 23:33 Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation of hell? generation-Gennema ghen'-nay-mah Noun Neuter that which has been born or begotten the offspring or progeny of men or animals the fruits of the earth, the produce of agriculture “No one can deny that the Jews are a most unique and unusual people. That uniqueness exists because of their Edomite heritage. You cannot be English Jews. We are a race, and only as a race can we perpetuate. Our mentality is of Edomitish character, and differs from that of an Englishman. Enough subterfuges! Let us assert openly that we are International Jews.” —Manifesto of the “World Jewish Federation,” January 1, 1935, through its spokesperson, Gerald Soman Hasdai ibn Shaprut, who was foreign minister to Abd-al-Rahman, Sultan of Cordova, in his letter to King Joseph of the Chazars (about 960 AD) … speaks of the tradition according to which the Chazars once dwelt near the Seir Mountains [The 'Seir Mountains' are none other than the original land of Esau-Edom - 'Thus dwelt Esau in mount Seir: Esau is Edom' (Genesis 36:8). Seir was a mountain range sought of the Dead Sea and was also known as the 'land of Edom' (Genesis 36:21). The Seir mountains were the home of the Edomites for nearly a millennium (The Edomites arrived in Edom or Seir at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 13th century B.C. Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 6, p. 372) Thus we have it from Jewish sources that the Khazars originally 'dwell near the Seir Mountains' so are racially of Edomite stock. But how and when did Edomites get to Khazaria? There is evidence that in the 6th century BC, some of the Edomites fled their homeland of Seir and migrated north, 'After the fall of Jerusalem, in 586 BC, the Edomites began to press northward (Ezekiel 36:5)." Historians verify this fact: Josephus “Hyrcanus took also Dora and Marissa, cities of Idumea, and subdued all the Idumeans; and permitted them to stay in that country, if they would circumcise their genitals, and make use of the laws of the Jews; and they were so desirous of living in the country of their forefathers, that they submitted to the use of circumcision, 25 and of the rest of the Jewish ways of living; at which time therefore this befell them, that they were hereafter no other than Jews.” Antiquities of the Jews[Judeans] by Flavius Josephus Book 13, Chapter 9, Paragraph 1 Strabo “The western extremities of Judæa towards Casius are occupied by Idumæans, and by the lake [Sirbonis]. The Idumæans are Nabatæans. When driven from their country 634 by sedition, they passed over to the Jews, and adopted their customs .635 The greater part of the country along the coast to Jerusalem is occupied by the Lake Sirbonis, and by the tract contiguous to it; for Jerusalem is near the sea, which, as we have said,636 may be seen from the arsenal of Joppa.637 These districts (of Jerusalem and Joppa) lie towards the north; they are inhabited generally, and each place in particular, by mixed tribes of Egyptians, Arabians, and Phœnicians. Of this description are the inhabitants of Galilee, of the plain of Jericho, and of the territories of Philadelphia and Samaria,638 surnamed Sebaste by Herod; 639 but although there is such a mixture of inhabitants, the report most credited, [one] among many things believed respecting the temple [and the inhabitants] of Jerusalem, is, that the Egyptians were the ancestors of the present Jews.” The Geography of Strabo, Volume III Book 16 (Vol III), Chapter 2, Paragraph 34 (page 177) 3being antisemitic is not the same as being anti jewish Anti-semetic Definition-hostile to or prejudiced against Jewish people. 4 jews steal names inheritance and land Like the name juda as they do not come from him but the land that was his and replacing the preists of judea becoming the pharisees and sadducees during king herods reign Herod was born around 72 BC in Idumea, south of Judea. He was the second son of Antipater the Idumaean, a high-ranking official under ethnarch Hyrcanus II, and Cypros, a Nabatean Arab princess from Petra, in present-day Jordan. Herod's father was by descent an Edomite with a Jewish mother; his ancestors had converted to Judaism. Herod was raised as a Jew. When John Hyrcanus conquered the region of Idumaea (the Edom of the Hebrew Bible) in 140–130 BCE, he required all Idumaeans to obey Jewish law or to leave; most Idumaeans thus converted to Judaism, which meant that they had to be circumcised, and many intermarried with the Jews and adopted their customs. While Herod publicly identified himself as a Jew and was considered as such by some, this religious identification was undermined by the decadent lifestyle of the Herodians, which would have earned them the antipathy of observant Jews. Herod later executed several members of his own family, including his wife Mariamne I. Britannica,Losch, Richard R. (2008). All the People in the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Josephus (c. 1760) [c. 75]. The Jewish War. Translated by Whiston, William. Josephus (c. 1760) [c. 93]. Antiquities of the Jews. Translated by Whiston, William. 5 glosses over but stated only Mesopotamia was flooded in the great flood the flood was only local and the word "erets" only means land 6 abraham was never a jew only jews can bare the name jew as it doesnt mean hebrew judean judahite it can only be applied to the talmudic religion and or decendants of the mixed race from esau, more so than that all mixed mutt peoples are rejected by YHWH and serve the purposes of satan 7 abraham would be father of many nations not just one single jewish nation the jews would not be one of these nations at all as they are a bastard race cut off forever Deu 23:2 Obadiah 1:10 8 blessing passed to issac points out issac being younger than ishmael but not the other children of Abraham Romans 9:8 This means that Abraham’s physical descendants are not necessarily children of God. Only the children of the promise are considered to be Abraham’s children. 9 then to jacob and all of his sons were their own nation they were at most only two nations at that time and fulfilled becoming a multiude of nations when scattered abroad 10 juda is the father of all jewish people and all jews are related to him only a very small percent of the jews dna comes from juda and being bastards they lose all their inheritance 11 abrahamic blessing needs to pass to juda for them to be the chosen people Genesis 49:8 “Judah,[b] your brothers will praise you; your hand will be on the neck of your enemies; your father’s sons will bow down to you. 9 You are a lion’s cub, Judah; you return from the prey, my son. Like a lion he crouches and lies down, like a lioness—who dares to rouse him? 10 The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet,[c] until he to whom it belongs[d] shall come and the obedience of the nations shall be his. Genesis 47-49 says nothing about the abrahamic covenat not passing to all of jacobs children? 12 juda conspired to kill Joseph but he decided to sell him instead genesis 37:26 And Judah said unto his brethren, What profit is it if we slay our brother, and conceal his blood?27 Come, and let us sell him to the Ishmeelites, and let not our hand be upon him; for he is our brother and our flesh. And his brethren were content 27 Come, and let us sell him to the Ishmeelites, and let not our hand be upon him; for he is our brother and our flesh. And his brethren were content. Basar baw-sawr' Noun Masculine flesh of the body of humans of animals the body itself male organ of generation (euphemism) kindred, blood-relations flesh as frail or erring (man against God) all living things animals mankind 13 joseph was the chosen son all of israel was chosen Genesis 48:22 Moreover I have given to thee one portion above thy brethren, which I took out of the hand of the Amorite with my sword and with my bow. 3 And Jacob said unto Joseph, God Almighty appeared unto me at Luz in the land of Canaan, and blessed me, 4 And said unto me, Behold, I will make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, and I will make of thee a multitude of people; and will give this land to thy seed after thee for an everlasting possession. 14 Ephraim and Manasseh were the chosen people 15 which made it 13 tribes then 16 judas two canaanite sons died and makes no mention of tamar Genesis 38 the line that would not only produce king david and solomon but the line of jesus himself. to deny the line of juda is to deny christs devine right to rule 17 israel was kinda the land of the jews nope edom was their land 18 joshua punished the canaanites for sexual immortality he punished them for being canaanites 19 which lead to scarifices and cannibalism 20 the word cannibal comes from canaan and baal. Cannibalism, eating of human flesh by humans. The term is derived from the Spanish name (Caríbales, or Caníbales) for the Carib, a West Indies tribe well known for its practice of cannibalism. A widespread custom going back into early human history, cannibalism has been found among peoples on most continents. this conclusion is as believable as thats where we get cannon ball from borrowed from Latin anthrōpophagus, noun derivative of Greek anthrōpophágos "eating human flesh" 21 the preists of canaan were known for eating the children they sacrificed https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/4/258 cannot find anything to back up this claim only that they sacrificed people some times 22 joshua was direct a decendant of joseph some how this makes him more than the other children of israel 23the jewish home land was judea nope judahites 24 the land of the pheonicians and phistines are not israels land ever yet the bible discribes this land as theirs 25 joseph tribes allied with the pheonicians and set of trade post with them no they were the pheonicians 26 breefly touches on then glosses right over israel spreading across europe and then the world and moves on how did they bless the world how did the become many nations 27 Ephraim and Manasseh means fruitful and forgetful Genesis 41:51 Joseph named his firstborn Manasseh and said, “It is because God has made me forget all my trouble and all my father’s household.” 52 The second son he named Ephraim and said, “It is because God has made me fruitful in the land of my suffering.” 28 skips the maccabees revolution 29 its irony that jesus was right 30 the jews stole the name israel 31 do the jews believe in the old testament? Kinda and not really 32 the talmud is just as important 33 claudious died under strange circumstances and hated the jews and was replaced by nero who was called a jew by the jews 34 some jews became Christians and the others became talmudic jews 35 jews didnt wana pay taxes 36 the bible intentionally separtes juda from israel

I went to the occupied West Bank to investigate the truth of Israeli actions against Palestinians, as they've experienced the colonial expansion on their land, the bulldozing of their homes, raiding of refugee camps, and harassment, all of which have increased since October 7th. While most of the world is focused on Gaza, the occupied Palestinian territories are also experiencing apartheid and ethnic cleansing, as battles between the resistance forces and the Israeli occupation forces rages on. This first video of this series focuses on the unlawful imprisonment of many Palestinians, as over 8000 of them are in Israeli prison without any information or trial and the amount has increased since October 7th. But of course the thousands of Palestinians don't get chants of "bring them home" from the Western world. In this video I interview Suhaila Aljarbou, whose son Nour-Aljarbou was shot by the IDF 11 times before he was forced into jail. Watch their story come to a better ending now as occupation forces released Nour Al-Jarbou on April-7th 2024, after being detained for more than two and a half years. He suffers from paraplegia, from the middle to the lower limbs of his body from the 11 shots he received. Camera work and translation by: Salman Alkatib Follow me on X: https://twitter.com/FiorellaIsabelM telegram: https://t.me/FiorellaInMoscow Support my work on Paypal: Fiorella Isabel

Operation Gold (also known as Operation Stopwatch by the British) was a joint operation conducted by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the British MI6 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) in the 1950s to tap into landline communication of the Soviet Army headquarters in Berlin using a tunnel into the Soviet-occupied zone. This was a much more complex variation of the earlier Operation Silver project in Vienna. The plan was activated in 1954 because of fears that the Soviets might be launching a nuclear attack at any time, having already detonated a hydrogen bomb in August 1953 as part of the Soviet atomic bomb project. Construction of the tunnel began in September 1954 and was completed in eight months. The Americans wanted to hear any warlike intentions being discussed by their military and were able to listen to telephone conversations for nearly a year, eventually recording roughly 90,000 communications.[1][2] The Soviet authorities were informed about Operation Gold from the very beginning by their mole George Blake but decided not to "discover" the tunnel until April 21, 1956, in order to protect Blake from exposure.[3] Some details of the project are still classified, and whatever authoritative information could be found was scant until recently. This was primarily because the then-Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), Allen Dulles, had ordered "as little as possible" to be "reduced to writing" when the project was authorized. In 2019, additional specifics became available.[4] Background After the Red Army followed the Soviet diplomatic department and transferred its most secure communications from radio to telephone landlines, the post-World War II Western Allies lost a major Cold War source of information. Operation Gold, was hence, at least the third tunnel built to aid intelligence in the Cold War period after the end of World War II. From 1948 onwards, under Operation Silver, the British SIS had undertaken a number of such operations in then still occupied-Vienna, the information from which enabled the restoration of Austrian sovereignty in 1955. [citation needed] The KGB later commissioned the Red Army to construct a tunnel to tap into a cable that served the major US Army garrison in Berlin. Operational agreement In early 1951, the CIA undertook an assessment process for replacing lost Soviet radio communications intelligence. Revealing their plans to the British, the SIS, having read the report, which included the idea of tapping Soviet telephone lines, revealed the existence of Operation Silver in Vienna.[5] On the reassignment of CIA agent Bill Harvey to Berlin to explore available options, Reinhard Gehlen, the head of the Bundesnachrichtendienst, alerted the CIA to the location of a crucial telephone junction, less than 2 meters (6 ft. 7 in.) underground, where three cables came together close to the border of the American sector of West Berlin.[5] Operation Gold was planned jointly by the SIS and the CIA. Initial planning meetings were held at No. 2 Carlton Gardens, London, from which the West German government was excluded due to the "highly infiltrated nature" of their service. The resulting agreement was that the US would supply most of the financing and construct the tunnel (as the closest access point was in their sector), while the British would use their expertise from Operation Silver to tap the cables and provide the required electronic communications equipment. One of those who attended the early meetings was George Blake, a mole in the British intelligence apparatus. Blake apparently alerted the KGB immediately, as two of Gehlen's agents were caught trying to get a potential tapping wire across a Berlin canal. The KGB decided to let Operation Gold proceed since, in order to attack the tunnel, the Soviets would have to compromise Blake, and they found it preferable to sacrifice some information rather than their valuable agent. According to the author of a 2019 book about the operation, the Soviets "valued Blake so much that they feared his exposure more than a breach of their secrets."[6] The KGB did not inform anyone in Germany, including the East Germans or the Soviet users of the cables, about the taps. According to a CIA report, "there were no known attempts to feed disinformation to the CIA." Although the British SIS suspected the opposite, the CIA report states that "the Soviet military continued to use the cables for communications of intelligence value."[7] Construction In December 1953, the operation was placed under the direction of William King Harvey, a former U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) official who transferred to the CIA. Captain Williamson of the United States Army Corps of Engineers was placed in charge of construction. The first project was the construction of a "warehouse", which acted as a disguise for a US Army ELINT station. The warehouse, in the Neukölln/Rudow district of the US sector of Berlin, had an unconventionally deep basement at 7 metres (23 ft) to serve as the staging area for the tunnel.[8] Digging the initial vertical shaft for the tunnel began on September 2, 1954,[9] and was completed on February 25, the following year. The covert construction of the 450-meter (1,480 ft.) tunnel under the world's most heavily patrolled border to intersect a series of cables less than 47 centimeters (19 in.) below a busy street was an exceptional engineering challenge. Using the shield method of construction, which pushed forward on hydraulic rams, the resultant space was lined with sand and 1,700 cast-iron lining plates. A wooden railway track acted as a guide for the rubber-wheeled construction vehicles, which by the end of construction had removed 3,000 tons (3,000 long tons and 3,300 short tons) of material. This included a number of evacuations, including when the diggers broke through into an undocumented pre-World War II cesspool and flooded the tunnel. Throughout all stages of construction and in operational use, the entire tunnel was rigged with explosives, designed to ensure its complete destruction. Once complete, the tunnel ran into the Altglienicke area of Treptow borough, where British Army Captain Peter Lunn—a former alpine skier, who was actually the head of the SIS in Berlin—personally undertook the tapping of the three cables. The British also installed most of the electronic handling equipment in the tunnel, which was manufactured and badged as British made. The final cost of the completed tunnel was over US$6.5M, or equivalent to the final procurement cost of two Lockheed U-2 spy planes. Operations Wiretap/recording equipment consisting of British-made products The tunnel ran 1,476 feet and was six feet in diameter and operated for 11 months and 11 days[10] according to a 2019 book by Washington Post journalist Steve Vogel, who reviewed all of the available documents and interviewed 40 of the project's participants. Betrayal in Berlin: The True Story of the Cold War's Most Audacious Espionage Operation includes a "virtually month-by-month account of the tunnel's excavation and operation", according to one review. As well, after that book was published, the CIA released a less redacted version of their documents about the tunnel.[11] Inside, the British and the Americans listened and recorded the messages flowing to and from Soviet military headquarters in Zossen, near Berlin: conversations between Moscow and the Soviet embassy in East Berlin and conversations between East German and Soviet officials. The West was unable to break Soviet encryption at this time. Instead they took advantage of valuable intelligence gained "from unguarded telephone conversations over official channels." "Sixty-seven thousand hours of Russian and German conversations, were sent to London for transcription by a special section staffed by 317 Russian emigres and German linguists. Teleprinter signals, many of them multiplexed, were also collected on magnetic tape and forwarded to Frank Rowlett's Staff D for processing."[12] To protect Blake, the KGB was forced to keep the flow of information as normal as possible with the result that the tunnel was a bonanza of intelligence collection for the US and Britain in a world that had yet to witness the U-2 or satellite imagery. According to Stephen Budiansky, "The KGB's own high-level communications went on a separate system of overhead lines that could not be tapped without its being obvious, and, concerned above all with protecting Blake as a valuable source inside SIS and unwilling to share its secrets with rival agencies, the KGB had simply left both the GRU and the Stasi in the dark about the tunnel's existence."[12] Discovery by the Soviets The tapped telephone wires are presented to the press. When Blake received a transfer in 1955, the Soviets were free to "discover" the tunnel. On 21 April 1956, months after the tunnel went into operation, Soviet and East German soldiers broke into the eastern end of the tunnel. One source indicates that the wiretap had been in service for roughly 18 months.[13] The Soviets announced the discovery to the press and called it a "breach of the norms of international law" and "a gangster act". Newspapers around the world ran photographs of the underground partition of the tunnel directly under the inter-German frontier. The wall had a sign in German and Russian reading "Entry is Forbidden by the Commanding General."[14] By 24 April 1956, the remains of the tunnel were being toured extensively by the Soviet and East German authorities In the planning phase, the CIA and SIS had estimated that the Soviets would cover up any discovery of the tunnel, through embarrassment and any potential repercussions. However, most world media portrayed the tunnel project as a brilliant piece of engineering. The CIA may have gained more than the Soviets did from the "discovery" of the tunnel.[15] In part, this was because the tunnel was discovered during Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev's state visit to the United Kingdom, and specifically the day before a state banquet with HM Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle. It is suspected that the Soviets and the British agreed to mute media coverage of British participation in the project even though the equipment shown in most photographs was British-built and clearly labelled as such.[16] Only in 1961, when Blake was arrested, tried and convicted, did Western officials realize that the tunnel had been compromised long before construction had begun. Although DCI Allen Dulles has publicly celebrated the success of Operation Gold in providing order of battle and other information about Soviet and East Bloc activities behind the Iron Curtain, a declassified NSA history implied that NSA may have thought less of the value of the tunnel collection than did the CIA.[17] In 1996 the Berlin city government contracted a local construction company to excavate approximately 83 meters (270 ft) from the former American Berlin sector of the tunnel to make way for a new housing development. In 1997 a 12-meter (40 ft) section was excavated under the guidance of William Durie from what had been the Soviet Berlin sector. This section of tunnel is displayed at the Allied Museum. The museum's claim that this section was retrieved from the American sector is false.[18] The CIA museum received outer tunnel shell elements in 1999 and the International Spy Museum in Washington thereafter.[citation needed] In fiction Operation Gold forms the background to the novels The Innocent by Ian McEwan, Voices Under Berlin: The Tale of a Monterey Mary by T.H.E. Hill and to the film The Innocent by John Schlesinger. Notes Vogel, Steve (20 September 2020). "Dwight Eisenhower Built up American Intelligence at a Crucial Moment". History News Network. Retrieved 26 February 2021. "Betrayal in Berlin Reviewed by Gary Keeley" (PDF). CIA. 15 June 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. "In 'The Spy and the Traitor,' a tale of Cold War espionage that's both thrilling and true". Washington Post. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2020. "Betrayal in Berlin: The True Story of the Cold War's Most Audacious Espionage Operation". Washington Independent Review. 18 November 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2020. Battleground Berlin, p. 208 "Cold War Double Spy George Blake Dies At 98". NPR. 28 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. "A Look Back ... The Berlin Tunnel: Exposed". CIA. 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2020. Caryn E. Neumann, Berlin Tunnel, Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence, and Security, retrieved 29 August 2009 Battleground Berlin, p. 220 "Betrayal in Berlin Reviewed by Gary Keeley" (PDF). CIA. 15 June 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. "Betrayal in Berlin: The True Story of the Cold War's Most Audacious Espionage Operation". Washington Independent Review. 18 November 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2020. Budiansky, Stephen (2016). Code Warriors. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 194–199. ISBN 978-0385352666. "BMarch Book Review- 'Betrayal in Berlin' by Steve Vogel". KPCW. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. "The Americans and the British were able to listen into the Russian conversations for 18 months" Spies Beneath Berlin, p. 112 Martin, David C. (1980). Wilderness of Mirrors. Harper & Row. pp. 87–88. Spies Beneath Berlin, p. 12 Operation REGAL: The Berlin Tunnel. National Security Agency (NSA Historical Monograph). 1988. pp. 22–24. William Durie, The United States Garrison Berlin, 1945–1994, Mission Accomplished, 2014 ISBN 978-1-63068-540-9 (English). References Durie, William (2012). The British Garrison Berlin 1945 - 1994: nowhere to go ... a pictorial historiography of the British Military occupation / presence in Berlin. Berlin: Vergangenheitsverlag (de). ISBN 978-3-86408-068-5. OCLC 978161722. David Stafford, Spies Beneath Berlin – the Extraordinary Story of Operation Stopwatch/Gold, the CIA's Spy Tunnel Under the Russian Sector of Cold War Berlin, Overlook Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58567-361-7 David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev, George Bailey. Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War, Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-300-07233-3 CIA Clandestine Services History Paper (CSHP) number 150, "The Berlin Tunnel Operation", 1968 Rory MacLean, Berlin: Imagine a City / Berlin: Portrait of a City Through the Centuries, Weidenfeld & Nicolson / Picador 2014. ISBN 978-1-250-07490-4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Gold. A Preview on the Berlin Tunnel Exhibit in the AlliiertenMuseum at the Wayback Machine (archived September 28, 2007) Turning a Cold War Scheme into Reality – Engineering the Berlin Tunnel, www.cia.gov The Berlin Tunnel, article at The Cold War Museum The International Spy Museum, located in Washington, DC at 700 L'Enfant Plaza, SW, exhibits a segment of the Berlin tunnel. Authority control databases: National Edit this at Wikidata IsraelUnited States Categories: Central Intelligence Agency operationsCold War intelligence operationsUnited Kingdom intelligence operationsEspionage scandals and incidentsSoviet Union–United Kingdom military relationsSoviet Union–United States military relations1956 in international relationsClandestine operationsTunnels in BerlinUnited Kingdom–United States military relations

The dark side of history: https://thememoryhole.substack.com/ William Ramsey Clark (December 18, 1927 – April 9, 2021) was an American lawyer, activist, and federal government official. A progressive, New Frontier liberal,[1] he occupied senior positions in the United States Department of Justice under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, serving as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969; previously, he was Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967 and Assistant Attorney General from 1961 to 1965. As attorney general, Clark was known for his vigorous opposition to the death penalty, aggressive support of civil liberties and civil rights, and dedication to enforcing United States antitrust laws.[2] Clark supervised the drafting of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968. After leaving public office, Clark led many progressive activism campaigns, including opposition to the War on Terror. He offered advice or legal defense to such prominent figures as Charles Taylor, Slobodan Milošević, Saddam Hussein, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, and Lyndon LaRouche.[3] Until his death in 2021, Clark was the last surviving member of the cabinet of Lyndon B. Johnson.[4] Early life and career Clark was born in Dallas, Texas, on December 18, 1927,[5] the son of jurist Tom C. Clark and his wife Mary Jane (née Ramsey). Clark's father served as United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 under President Harry S. Truman and then became a Supreme Court Justice in August 1949.[6] His maternal grandfather was William Franklin Ramsey, who served on the Supreme Court of Texas,[7][8] while his paternal grandfather, lawyer William Henry Clark, was president of the Texas Bar Association.[7] Clark attended Woodrow Wilson High School in Washington, D.C., but dropped out at the age of 17 in order to join the United States Marine Corps, seeing action in Western Europe in the final months of World War II;[7] he served until 1946. Back in the U.S., he earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Texas at Austin in 1949, and obtained a Master of Arts in American history from the University of Chicago and a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1950 and 1951, respectively.[9] While at the University of Texas, he was a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity.[10] He was admitted to the Texas bar in 1950, and was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1956. From 1951 to 1961, Clark practiced law as an associate and partner at his father's Texas law firm, Clark, Reed and Clark.[11] Kennedy and Johnson administrations Attorney General Clark and President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967 In the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, Clark occupied senior positions in the Justice Department; he was Assistant Attorney General, overseeing the department's Lands Division from 1961 to 1965, and then served as Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967.[12] In 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson nominated him to be Attorney General of the United States. He was confirmed by the Senate and took the oath of office on March 2. Clark was one of Johnson's popular and successful cabinet appointments, being described as "able, independent, liberal and soft-spoken" and a symbol of the New Frontier liberals;[1] he had also built a successful record, especially in his management of the Justice Department's Lands Division; he had increased the efficiency of his division and had saved enough money from his budget so that he had asked Congress to reduce the budget by $200,000 annually.[1] However, there also was speculation that one of the reasons that contributed to Johnson's making the appointment was the expectation that Clark's father, Associate Justice Tom C. Clark, would resign from the Supreme Court to avoid a conflict of interest.[13] Johnson wanted a vacancy to be created on the Court so he could appoint Thurgood Marshall, the first African American justice. The elder Clark assumed senior status on June 12, 1967, effectively resigning from the Supreme Court and creating the vacancy Johnson apparently desired.[14] During his years at the Justice Department, Clark played an important role in the history of the civil rights movement. He: supervised the federal presence at Ole Miss during the week following the admission of James Meredith; surveyed all school districts in the South desegregating under court order (1963); supervised federal enforcement of the court order protecting the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches; headed the Presidential task force to Watts following the 1965 riots; and supervised the drafting and executive role in passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968.[3] As attorney general during part of the Vietnam War, Clark oversaw the prosecution of the Boston Five for "conspiracy to aid and abet draft resistance." Four of the five were convicted, including pediatrician Dr. Benjamin Spock and Yale chaplain William Sloane Coffin Jr.,[15] but in later years, Clark expressed his regret at the prosecution's victory: "We won the case, that was the worst part."[16] Clark served as the attorney general until Johnson's term as president ended on January 20, 1969.[17] Because of Richard Nixon's attacks on Clark's liberal record during the 1968 presidential election campaign and ultimate narrow victory over Hubert H. Humphrey, relations between Johnson and Clark soured and, by inauguration day, they were no longer on speaking terms.[15] In addition to his government work, during this period Clark was also director of the American Judicature Society (in 1963) and national president of the Federal Bar Association in 1964–65.[17] Private career Following his term as attorney general, Clark taught courses at the Howard University School of Law (1969–1972) and Brooklyn Law School (1973–1981).[18] He was active in the anti-Vietnam War movement and visited North Vietnam in 1972 as a protest against the bombing of Hanoi.[15] During this time he was associated with the New York law firm Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, but he resigned in 1973, saying, "I didn't feel like working on things I didn't believe in, I didn't think were important."[19] On January 28, 1970, Ramsey Clark testified in the Chicago Seven trial. He was barred by Judge Julius Hoffman from testifying before the jury after Clark had testified outside the presence of the jury. Judge Hoffman upheld the prosecution's objections to 14 of Defense Attorney William Kunstler's 38 questions to Clark, but Clark did testify that he had told the prosecutor Tom Foran to investigate the charges against the defendants through Justice Department lawyers "as is generally done in civil rights cases", rather than through a grand jury.[20] At the 1972 Democratic National Convention, Clark received one delegate vote for the presidential nomination[21] and two delegate votes for the vice-presidential nomination.[22] In 1974, Clark ran as the Democratic candidate for U.S. Senator from New York; he defeated the party's designee Lee Alexander in the primary, but lost in the general election to the incumbent Jacob Javits. In the 1976 election, Clark again sought the Democratic nomination to represent New York in the Senate, but finished a distant third in the primary behind Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Congresswoman Bella Abzug.[15] On November 5, 1979, at the start of the Iranian hostage crisis, President Jimmy Carter instructed Clark and Senate staffer William Miller to visit Tehran and seek to open negotiations with Iranian authorities for the hostages' release; while en route, they were refused entry into the country by Ayatollah Khomeini.[23][24] Defying a travel ban, Clark went to Tehran again in June 1980 to attend a conference on alleged U.S. interference in Iranian affairs, on which occasion he was granted admission. While there he both demanded the release of the hostages and criticized past U.S. support for the deposed Shah. This second unauthorized trip reportedly infuriated President Carter.[25][15] International activism In 1991, Clark's Coalition to Stop U.S. Intervention in the Middle East opposed the U.S.-led war and sanctions against Iraq.[26] Clark accused the administration of President George H. W. Bush, its officials Dan Quayle, James Baker, Dick Cheney, William Webster, Colin Powell, Norman Schwarzkopf, and "others to be named" of "crimes against peace, war crimes", and "crimes against humanity" for its conduct of the Gulf War against Iraq and the ensuing sanctions;[27] in 1996, he added the charges of genocide and the "use of a weapon of mass destruction".[28] Similarly, after the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Ramsey charged and "tried" NATO on 19 counts and issued calls for its dissolution.[29] In September 1998, Clark led a delegation to Sudan to collect evidence in the aftermath of President Bill Clinton's bombing of the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Khartoum the previous month as part of Operation Infinite Reach. Upon returning to the U.S., the delegation held a press conference on September 22, 1998, to refute the U.S. State Department's claims that the facility had been producing VX nerve agent.[30] U.S. officials later acknowledged that the evidence cited as the rationale for the Al-Shifa strike was weaker than initially believed.[31] As a lawyer, Clark was criticized by both opponents and supporters for some of the people he agreed to defend, such as foreign dictators hostile to the United States; Clark stood beside and defended his clients, regardless of their own admitted actions and crimes.[32] In 2004, Clark joined a panel of about 20 Arab and one other non-Arab lawyers to defend Saddam Hussein in his trial before the Iraqi Special Tribunal.[33] Clark appeared before the Iraqi Special Tribunal in late November 2005 arguing "that it failed to respect basic human rights and was illegal because it was formed as a consequence of the United States' illegal war of aggression against the people of Iraq."[34] Clark said that unless the trial was seen as "absolutely fair", it would "divide rather than reconcile Iraq".[35] Christopher Hitchens said Clark was admitting Hussein's guilt when Clark reportedly stated in a 2005 BBC interview: "He [Saddam] had this huge war going on, and you have to act firmly when you have an assassination attempt".[36] Hitchens continued to describe Clark in the following terms: "From bullying prosecutor he mutated into vagrant and floating defense counsel, offering himself to the génocideurs of Rwanda and to Slobodan Milosevic, and using up the spare time in apologetics for North Korea. He acts as front-man for the Workers World Party, which originated in a defense of the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956."[36] Sociologist and anti-communist scholar Paul Hollander wrote of Clark: "It is likely that well before Clark took his bizarre positions in support of highly repressive, violent, and intolerant political systems and their leaders, he came to the conclusion that the United States was the most dangerous and reprehensible source of evil in the world. This overarching belief led to the reflexive sympathy and support for all the enemies and alleged victims of the United States. They include dictators of different ideological persuasion noted above, whose inhumane qualities and policies Clark was unable to discern or acknowledge, let alone condemn. It was sufficient for Clark's moral accounting that if these dictators were opposed to (and allegedly victimized by) the United States, they deserved and earned his sympathy."[37] Clark was not alone in criticizing the Iraqi Special Tribunal's trial of Saddam Hussein, which drew intense criticism from international human rights organizations. Human Rights Watch called Saddam's trial a "missed opportunity" and a "deeply flawed trial",[38][39] and the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention found the trial to be unfair and to violate basic international human rights law.[34] Among the irregularities cited by HRW, were that proceedings were marked by frequent outbursts by both judges and defendants, that three defense lawyers were murdered, that the original chief judge was replaced, that important documents were not given to defense lawyers in advance, that paperwork was lost, and that the judges made asides that pre-judged Saddam Hussein.[40] One of the aforementioned outbursts occurred when Clark was ejected from the trial after passing the judge a memorandum stating that the trial was making "a mockery of justice". The chief judge Raouf Abdul Rahman shouted at Clark, "No, you are the mockery ... get him out. Out!"[41] On March 18, 2006, Clark attended the funeral of Slobodan Milošević. He commented: "History will prove Milošević was right. Charges are just that: charges. The trial did not have facts." He compared the trial of Milošević with Saddam's, stating "both trials are marred with injustice, both are flawed." He characterized Milošević and Saddam Hussein as "both commanders who were courageous enough to fight more powerful countries."[42] Ramsey Clark speaks to the anti-war protest in Washington, D.C., on March 20, 2010. In June 2006, Clark wrote an article criticizing U.S. foreign policy in general, containing a list of 17 U.S. "major aggressions" introduced by "Both branches of our One Party system, Democrat and Republican, favor the use of force to have their way."[a] He followed this by saying, "The United States government may have been able to outspend the Soviet Union into economic collapse in the Cold War arms race, injuring the entire planet in the process. Now Bush has entered a new arms race and is provoking a Second Cold War."[43] On September 1, 2007, in New York City, Clark called for detained Filipino Jose Maria Sison's release and pledged assistance by joining the latter's legal defense team headed by Jan Fermon. Clark doubted Dutch authorities' "validity and competency", since the murder charges originated in the Philippines and had already been dismissed by the country's Supreme Court.[44] In November 2007, Clark visited Nandigram in India[45][46] where conflict between state government forces and villagers resulted in the death of at least 14 villagers.[47][48][49] In a December 2007 interview, he described the War on Terror as a war against Islam.[50] Ramsey Clark visiting Nandigram, India, November 2007 In April 2009, Clark spoke at a session of the UN's anti-racism Durban Review Conference at which he accused Israel of genocide.[51] In September 2010, an essay on torture by Clark was published in a three-part paperback entitled The Torturer in the Mirror (Seven Stories Press).[52][15] Clark was a recipient of the 1992 Gandhi Peace Award,[53] and also the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award for his commitment to civil rights, his opposition to war and military spending and his dedication to providing legal representation to the peace movement, particularly, his efforts to free Leonard Peltier.[54] In 1999, he traveled to Belgrade to receive an honorary doctorate from Belgrade University.[55][56] In 2008, the United Nations awarded him its Prize in the Field of Human Rights for "his steadfast insistence on respect for human rights and fair judicial process for all".[57] Advocating the impeachment of George W. Bush See also: Efforts to impeach George W. Bush VoteToImpeachFounded 2002 Dissolved January 20, 2009 Type Political advocacy Focus Impeachment of Bush administration members Location Washington, D.C. Area served United States Members Reported over 1,000,000 signatories Key people Ramsey Clark (founder) In 2002, Clark founded "VoteToImpeach", an organization advocating the impeachment of President George W. Bush and several members of his administration. For the duration of Bush's terms in office, Clark sought, unsuccessfully, for the House of Representatives to bring articles of impeachment against Bush. He was the founder of the International Action Center, which holds significant overlapping membership with the Workers' World Party.[58] Clark and the IAC helped found the protest organization A.N.S.W.E.R. (Act Now to Stop War and End Racism).[59] On March 19, 2003, the New Jersey newspaper and website The Independent reported Clark's efforts to impeach Bush and others, prior to the start of the Iraq War. The paper commented: "Clark said there is a Web site, www.votetoimpeach.org, dedicated to collecting signatures of U.S. citizens who want President George W. Bush impeached, and that approximately 150,000 have signed to impeach, he said."[60] The Weekly Standard magazine stated in an article dated February 27, 2004, "Ramsey Clark's VoteToImpeach.org is a serious operation", and said the group had run full-sized newspaper advertising on both coasts of the U.S. though the Standard also went on to describe them as also being an "angry petition stage."[61] Clark's speech to a counter-inauguration protest on January 20, 2005, at John Marshall Park in Washington, D.C., was broadcast by Democracy Now in which Clark stated: "We've had more than 500,000 people sign on 'Vote to Impeach'."[62] The San Francisco Bay Guardian listed the website as one of three "Impeachment links", alongside afterdowningstreet.org and impeachpac.org.[63] The organization, under Clark's guidance, drafted its own articles of impeachment against President Bush, Vice President Richard B. Cheney, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, and Attorney General John Ashcroft. The document argues that the four committed, "violations and subversions of the Constitution of the United States of America in an attempt to carry out with impunity crimes against peace and humanity and war crimes and deprivations of the civil rights of the people of the United States and other nations, by assuming powers of an imperial executive unaccountable to law and usurping powers of the Congress, the Judiciary and those reserved to the people of the United States."[64] Votetoimpeach.org claimed to have collected over one million signatures in favor of impeachment as of January 2009.[65] Notable clients As a lawyer, Clark also provided legal counsel and advice to prominent figures, including many controversial individuals.[66][67] Regarding his role as a defense lawyer in the trial of Saddam Hussein, Clark said: "A fair trial in this case is absolutely imperative for historical truth."[68] Clark stated that by the time he decided to join Hussein's defense team, it was clear that "proceedings before the Iraqi Special Tribunal would corrupt justice both in fact and in appearance and create more hatred and rage in Iraq against the American occupation...affirmative measures must be taken to prevent prejudice from affecting the conduct of the case and the final judgment of the court...For there to be peace, the days of victor's justice must end."[69] A partial listing of persons who have reportedly received legal counsel and advice from Ramsey Clark includes: Lori Berenson, an American convicted of support of MRTA guerrillas in Peru.[70] Father Philip Berrigan, a Catholic priest and antiwar activist (one of the Harrisburg Seven). Clark served as defense counsel at trial and won an acquittal.[71] Young church worker Jennifer Casolo, charged by Salvadoran authorities in 1989 with aiding the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front. Clark traveled to El Salvador to aid in her defense.[72][73] Casolo was released and deported to the U.S. after 18 days in police detention.[74][75] Radovan Karadžić, former Bosnian Serb politician. In the 1990s, Clark represented Karadžić in a civil suit brought by Croats and Muslims from the former Yugoslavia who sued Karadžić under the Alien Tort Claims Act of 1789 and Torture Victims Protection Act of 1992 for atrocities and human rights abuses committed during the Bosnian War.[67][76] About 100 survivors and relatives of the dead members of the Branch Davidian sect, whose Mount Carmel compound besieged by federal agents in a 51-day Waco siege in 1993, resulting in the death of about 80 members. Clark represented the plaintiffs in a suit alleging wrongful death and excessive force, giving an impassioned closing argument in which he called the siege "the greatest domestic law enforcement tragedy in the history of the United States." In a trial in 2000, the jury returned a verdict for the government.[77][78] "Political-cult guru" Lyndon LaRouche.[79] Nazi concentration camp commandant Karl Linnas.[80] Camilo Mejía, a U.S. soldier who deserted his post.[81] The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws Advisory Board during the 1970s and early 1980s.[82][83] American Indian Movement prisoner Leonard Peltier.[84] Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, a leader in the Rwandan genocide.[85] Palestine Liberation Organization leaders in a lawsuit brought by the family of Leon Klinghoffer, who was murdered during hijacking of the Achille Lauro.[16] Nazi War criminal Jakob "Jack" Reimer, charged for the killings of Jews in Warsaw.[86] Liberian dictator Charles Taylor[3] during his 1985 fight against extradition from the United States to Liberia, Taylor would later be convicted of crimes against humanity.[87] Civil rights attorney Stephen Yagman,[88] whose disbarment from U.S. federal court was sought based on his harsh criticism of a federal judge, William Duffy Keller, calling him an anti-Semite and saying he had been drunk on the bench. The disbarment never went into effect and later was reversed. [89] In popular culture In Aaron Sorkin's 2020 film The Trial of the Chicago 7, Clark was portrayed by Michael Keaton.[90] Personal life Clark married Georgia Welch, a classmate from the University of Texas, on April 16, 1949. They had two children, Ronda Kathleen Clark and Tom Campbell Clark II. His wife died on July 3, 2010, at the age of 81.[91][92] His son Tom died from cancer on November 23, 2013.[93] Clark lived in Greenwich Village in New York City, where he died on April 9, 2021, at age 93.[15] Works Clark, Ramsey (1970). Crime in America: Observations on Its Nature Causes Prevention and Control. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-067120407-5. — (1974). Crime and Justice. The Great Contemporary Issues. New York: Arno Press. ISBN 978-040504167-9. — (1992a). The Fire This Time: U.S. War Crimes in the Gulf. Thunder's Mouth Press. ISBN 978-156025047-0. — (1992b). War Crimes: A Report on U.S. War Crimes Against Iraq. Maisonneuve Press. ISBN 978-094462415-9. — (1998). Challenge to Genocide: Let Iraq Live. International Action Center. ISBN 978-096569164-2. — (2000). NATO in the Balkans: Voices of Opposition. International Action Center. ISBN 978-096569162-8. — (2002a) [First published 1996]. The Impact of Sanctions on Iraq: The Children Are Dying (2nd ed.). World View Forum. ISBN 978-096569163-5. — (2002b). "Appendix: On the fiftieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Acts of Aggression: Policing "Rogue" States. By Chomsky, Noam; Zangana, Haifa. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-158322546-2. —; Doebbler, Curtis (2011). The Iraqi Special Tribunal: An Abuse of Justice [Draft Report] (Report). Lulu.com. ASIN B08KWYBVZ5. —; Douglass, Frederick; Danticat, Edwidge; Dupuy, Ben; Laraque, Paul (2010). Chin, Pat; Dunkel, Greg; Flounders, Sara; Ives, Kim (eds.). Haiti: A Slave Revolution: 200 Years After 1804 (Updated ed.). Youth & The Military Education Project (US). ISBN 978-097475214-3. — (2010). "Torture, the Cruelest of All Human Acts, Is a Crime in America". The Torturer in the Mirror. By Reifer, Thomas Ehrlich; Zangana, Haifa (First ed.). Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-158322913-2. See also Biography portal List of peace activists Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017) Notes Clark's list of "major aggressions" by the United States: Regime change in Iran (1953), the Shah replacing democratically elected Mossadegh; Eisenhower (R). Regime change in Guatemala (1954), military government for democratically elected Arbenz; Eisenhower (R). Regime change in Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) (1961), assassination of Patrice Lumumba; Eisenhower (R). The Vietnam War (1959–1975); Eisenhower (R), Kennedy (D), Johnson (D), Nixon (R). Invasion of the Dominican Republic (1965); Johnson (D). The Contras warfare against Nicaragua (1981–1988), resulting in regime change from the Sandinistas to corrupt capitalists; Reagan (R). Attack and occupation of Grenada (population 110,000)(1983–1987); Reagan (R) Aerial attack on the sleeping cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, Libya, (1986); Reagan (R). Invasion of Panama (1989–1990), regime change; George H. W. Bush (R). Gulf War (1991); George H. W. Bush (R) "Humanitarian" occupation of Somalia (1992–1993), leading to 10,000 Somali deaths; George H. W. Bush (R) and Clinton (D). Aerial attacks on Iraq (1993–2001); Bill Clinton (D) War against Yugoslavia (1999), 23,000 bombs and missiles dropped on Yugoslavia; Clinton (D). Missile attack in Khartoum (1998), (21 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles) destroying the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory which provided the majority of all medicines for Sudan; Clinton (D). Invasion and occupation of Afghanistan (2001–present), regime change; George W. Bush (R). War of aggression against Iraq and hostile occupation (2003–present); George W. Bush (R). Regime change in Haiti (2004), deposing the democratically elected Aristide for years of chaos and systematic killings; George W. Bush (R). References "New Atty. General Is Liberal, Soft-Spoken Worker". Jet. Vol. 32, no. 9. Johnson Publishing. June 8, 1967. p. 10. Retrieved April 20, 2022. Dewhirst, Robert E. (January 1, 2009). "Clark, Ramsey". In Genovese, Michael A. (ed.). Encyclopedia of the American Presidency. Facts on File. pp. 93–94. ISBN 9781438126388. Retrieved April 20, 2022. McCool, Grant (April 11, 2021). "Ramsey Clark, former U.S. attorney general and human rights activist, dead at 93". Reuters. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Wildstein, David (February 7, 2021). "3 of 12 living ex-U.S. cabinet secretaries over 90 are from New Jersey". New Jersey Globe. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Ramsey Clark (1967–1969)". Miller Center. October 4, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2019. "Ancestry of Ramsey Clark". www.wargs.com. "Ramsey Clark". www.justice.gov. April 13, 2015. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019. Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark, A Life of Service by Mimi Clark Gronlund, Ramsey Clark, pg. 21 "Diverse Notable Alumni – Diversity & Inclusion". diversity.uchicago.edu. The Rainbow, vol. 132, no. 2, p. 10. "USDOJ: Environment and Natural Resources Division 100th Anniversary : Ramsey Clark". September 1, 2009. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. "Ramsey Clark". www.justice.gov. April 13, 2015. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019. Time Magazine, "The Ramsey Clark Issue", October 18, 1968 "Clark, Tom C." Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Martin, Douglas (April 10, 2021). "Ramsey Clark, Attorney General and Rebel With a Cause, Dies at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2021. "Ramsey Clark, attorney general who represented Saddam Hussein, dies at 93". The Guardian. Associated Press. April 11, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Attorney General William Ramsey Clark". United States Department of Justice: Office of the Attorney General. October 23, 2014. Retrieved April 10, 2021. "Clark, Ramsey, 1927-, Biographical info". LBJ Presidential Library. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Notes on People". The New York Times. May 10, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Times, J. Anthony Lukas Special to The New York (January 29, 1970). "Chicago 7 Judge Bars Ramsey Clark As Defense Witness". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 10, 1972". www.ourcampaigns.com. "Our Campaigns - US Vice President - D Convention Race - Jul 10, 1972". www.ourcampaigns.com. "The Iran Hostage Crisis: When Compromise Fails". iranhostagecrisis.net. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Cumming-Bruce, Nicholas (November 8, 1979). "Tehran". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Getlin, Josh (February 18, 1990). "For a Politician, former U.S. Atty. Gen. Ramsey Clark Took a Road Less Traveled--a Hard Left Into the Hotbed of Human Rights Causes : Loner of the Left". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Gelbspan, Ross (January 22, 1991). "Peace activists express concern about anti-semites in movement". The Boston Globe. War Crimes: A Report on United States War Crimes Against Iraq to the Commission of Inquiry for the International War Crimes Tribunal Archived February 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, by Ramsey Clark and others The Wisdom Fund, "Former US Attorney General Charges US, British and UN Leaders", November 20, 1996 CJPY, "NATO found guilty", June 10, 2000 Archived September 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Brendan (April 28, 2004). "Clinton Bombs Sudanese Pharmaceutical Plant". ThereItIs.org. Lacey, Marc (October 20, 2005). "Look at the Place! Sudan Says, 'Say Sorry', but U.S. Won't". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2016. John Judis, "The Strange Case of Ramsey Clark," The New Republic, April 22, 1991, pp. 23–29. "US rebel joins Saddam legal team", news.bbc.co.uk, December 29, 2004 "Cases". Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. "Chaos mars Saddam court hearing", news.bbc.co.uk, December 5, 2005 "Sticking up for Saddam", Slate.com Hollander, Paul. From Benito Mussolini to Hugo Chavez: Intellectuals and a Century of Political Hero Worship. p. 272. "Iraq's Shallow Justice" Human Rights Watch, December 29, 2006 "Hanging After Flawed Trial Undermines Rule of Law" Human Rights Watch, December 30, 2006 "Saddam trial 'flawed and unsound'" news.bbc.co.uk, November 20, 2006 "Saddam trial judge ejects Ramsey Clark". Reuters. January 19, 2007. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Balkan scapegoat". Frontline (The Hindu). April 7, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Ramsey Clark's Indictment of George W. Bush on June 15th, 2006". goodworksonearth.org. "Ex-US attorney general calls for Joma release". Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. "Ramsey Clark visits Nandigram". The Hindu. November 30, 2007. "Nandigram says 'No!' to Dow's chemical hub". "NHRC sends notice to Chief Secretary, West Bengal, on Nandigram incidents: investigation team of the Commission to visit the area". National Human Rights Commission of India. November 12, 2007. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Hossain, Rakeeb; Chaudhuri, Drimi (November 10, 2007). "CPM cadres kill 3 in Nandigram". Archived from the original on April 17, 2008. PTI (March 14, 2021). "Chose to fight anti-Bengal forces in Nandigram as mark of respect to martyrs: Mamata Banerjee | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Dam, Marcus (December 17, 2007). "Interview: Consumerism and materialism deadlier than armed occupation". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. The U.N.'s Anti-Antiracism Conference, The Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2009. "The Torturer in the Mirror". Archived from the original on July 12, 2011. "Horrors in Yemen". Promoting Enduring Peace. "List of Award Recipients | The Peace Abbey FoundationThe Peace Abbey Foundation". "Ramsey Clark Adresses Serbian Academic Community". www.oocities.org. Retrieved August 27, 2019. "Ramsey Clark, the war criminal's best friend". Salon. June 21, 1999. Retrieved August 27, 2019. "United Nations Human Rights Prize 2008". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Kevin Coogan, "The International Action Center: 'Peace Activists' with a Secret Agenda," Hit List, November/December 2001. Coogan, "The International Action Center," Hit List, Nov/Dec 2001. "Ramsey Clark speaks out against war at college". Archived from the original on December 17, 2005. "Impeach Bush?". February 26, 2004. "Former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark Calls For Bush Impeachment". Democracy Now!. "San Francisco Bay Guardian". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2009. "ImpeachBush / VoteToImpeach: Articles of Impeachment". January 13, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "ImpeachBush / VoteToImpeach". January 5, 2009. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Dennis J. Bernstein, Ramsey Clark's Long Trek for Justice, Consortium News (March 9, 2013). Josh Saunders, Ramsey Clark's Prosecution Complex: How did Lyndon Johnson's attorney general come to defend dictators, war criminals, and terrorists?, Legal Affairs (November/December 2003). "Lawyer: Ex-U.S. attorney general to join Saddam defense". CNN. November 27, 2005. "Why I'm Willing to Defend Hussein". Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. "Lori Berenson returning to U.S. after 20 years in Peru" CBS News. Associated Press. November 30, 2015. Christopher Reed, Obituary: Philip Berrigan, Guardian (December 12, 2002). "American Charged in El Salvador". New York Times. Associated Press. December 6, 1989. Casolo Retains Ramsey Clark, Los Angeles Times Wire Services (November 28, 1989). Josh Getlin, Ramsey Clark's Road Less Traveled: the Former Attorney General Took a Hard Left and Hasn't Looked Back, Los Angeles Times (April 15, 1990). Michael Hirsley, Saint or Sinner? Jennifer Casolo, Freed From El Salvador, Is Now On The Tour Circuit Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Tribune (March 17, 1990). Hope Viner Samborn, Ruling Could Lead to More Human Rights Tort Cases, ABA Journal (December 1995), p. 30. Sam Howe Verhovek, 5 Years After Waco Standoff, The Spirit of Koresh Lingers, New York Times (April 19, 1998). Jury clears US over Waco deaths, BBC News (July 15, 2000). Lizzy Ratner, Ramsey Clark: Why I'm Taking Saddam's Case, Observer (January 10, 2005). Margolick, David (June 14, 1991). "The Long and Lonely Journey of Ramsey Clark". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Revista Envío - NICARAGUA BRIEFS". www.envio.org.ni. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Public Interest Group Files Civil Suit To Overturn All U.S. Marijuana Laws | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "NORML 1981 - Drug Legalization". www.nationalfamilies.org. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Chief behind bars". The Guardian. July 10, 1999. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Ramsey Clark, the war criminal's best friend". Salon. June 21, 1999. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Cenziper, Debbie (January 28, 2020). "How a Red Army Officer-Turned-Nazi Recruit Made America His Home". HistoryNet. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Liberia ex-leader Charles Taylor get 50 years in jail". BBC News. May 30, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Judge Real's Sanctions Against Lawyer Killed but Feud Goes On". Los Angeles Times. November 29, 1991. Retrieved April 11, 2021. "Attorney Sanctioned for Criticizing Judge : Courts: Panel finds that civil rights lawyer Stephen Yagman tried to force jurist to take himself off cases. He could face reprimand, suspension or other discipline". Los Angeles Times. May 20, 1994. Retrieved April 11, 2021. Sinha-Roy, Piya (October 25, 2019). "Aaron Sorkin's 'The Trial of the Chicago 7' Adds Michael Keaton, Sets September 2020 Release". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2019. "Deaths Clark, Georgia Welch". The New York Times. July 6, 2010. Retrieved June 6, 2011. "Death Notices: Georgia Welch Clark". The New York Times. July 6, 2010. Barnes, Bart (December 23, 2013). "Tom C. Clark II, environmental lawyer, dies at 59". The Washington Post. Further reading Citizen Clark: A Life of Principle – documentary film on the life of former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark (2018, 95 minutes) Victor Navasky, "In memoriam Ramsesy Clark (1927–2021): The former US attorney general was sui generis", The Nation, vol. 312, no. 10 (17/24 May 2021), p. 6. Wohl, Alexander (2013). Father, Son, and Constitution: How Justice Tom Clark and Attorney General Ramsey Clark Shaped American Democracy. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-070061916-0. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Ramsey Clark. Biography from the Department of Justice website. Longer biography from the Department of Justice website. International Action Center Founded by Ramsey Clark. Guide to the Citizens for Ramsey Clark papers 1969-1980 Appearances on C-SPAN Legal offices Preceded by Perry W. Morton United States Assistant Attorney General for the Environment and Natural Resources Division 1961–1965 Succeeded by Edwin L. Weisl Jr. Preceded by Nicholas Katzenbach United States Deputy Attorney General 1965–1967 Succeeded by Warren Christopher United States Attorney General 1967–1969 Acting: 1966–1967 Succeeded by John N. Mitchell Party political offices Preceded by Paul O'Dwyer Democratic nominee for U.S. Senator from New York (Class 3) 1974 Succeeded by Elizabeth Holtzman vte United States Attorneys General Randolph Bradford Lee Lincoln Breckinridge Rodney Pinkney Rush Wirt Berrien Taney Butler Grundy Gilpin Crittenden Legaré Nelson Mason Clifford Toucey Johnson Crittenden Cushing Black Stanton Bates Speed Stanbery Evarts Hoar Akerman Williams Pierrepont Taft Devens MacVeagh Brewster A. Garland Miller Olney Harmon McKenna Griggs Knox Moody Bonaparte Wickersham McReynolds Gregory Palmer Daugherty Stone Sargent W. D. Mitchell Cummings Murphy Jackson Biddle T. C. Clark McGrath McGranery Brownell Rogers Kennedy Katzenbach R. Clark J. N. Mitchell Kleindienst Richardson Saxbe Levi Bell Civiletti Smith Meese Thornburgh Barr Reno Ashcroft Gonzales Mukasey Holder Lynch Sessions Barr M. Garland Seal of the United States Department of Justice vte Cabinet of President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) Cabinet Vice President None (1963–1965) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Secretary of State Dean Rusk (1963–1969) Secretary of the Treasury C. Douglas Dillon (1963–1965) Henry H. Fowler (1965–1968) Joseph W. Barr (1968–1969) Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara (1963–1968) Clark Clifford (1968–1969) Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (1963–1964) Nicholas Katzenbach (1964–1966) Ramsey Clark (1966–1969) Postmaster General John A. Gronouski (1963–1965) Larry O'Brien (1965–1968) W. Marvin Watson (1968–1969) Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall (1963–1969) Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman (1963–1969) Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges (1963–1965) John T. Connor (1965–1967) Alexander Trowbridge (1967–1968) C. R. Smith (1968–1969) Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz (1963–1969) Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Anthony J. Celebrezze (1963–1965) John W. Gardner (1965–1968) Wilbur J. Cohen (1968–1969) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Robert C. Weaver (1966–1968) Robert Coldwell Wood (1969) Secretary of Transportation Alan S. Boyd (1967–1969) Cabinet-level Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson II (1963–1965) Arthur Goldberg (1965–1968) George Ball (1968) James Russell Wiggins (1968–1969) vte Gandhi Peace Award laureates 1960–1979 1960 Eleanor Roosevelt / Edwin T. Dahlberg 1961 Maurice Eisendrath / John Haynes Holmes 1962 Linus Pauling / James Warburg 1963 E. Stanley Jones 1964 1965 1966 A. J. Muste 1967 Norman Thomas / Jerome Davis / William Sloane Coffin 1968 Benjamin Spock 1969 1970 Wayne Morse / Willard Uphaus 1971 1972 U Thant 1973 1974 1975 Dorothy Day 1976 Daniel Ellsberg 1977 1978 Peter Benenson / Martin Ennals 1979 Roland Bainton 1980–1999 1980 Helen Caldicott 1981 Corliss Lamont 1982 Randall Watson Forsberg 1983 1984 Robert Jay Lifton / Kay Camp 1985 1986 Bernard Lown 1987 John Somerville 1988 1989 César Chávez 1990 Marian Wright Edelman 1991 George McGovern 1992 Ramsey Clark 1993 Lucius Walker 1994 Roy Bourgeois 1995 Edith Ballantyne 1996 New Haven-León Sister City Project Alan Wright Paula Kline 1997 Howard / Alice Frazier 1998 1999 2000–2019 2000 2001 2002 Michael True 2003 Dennis Kucinich 2004 Karen Jacob / David Cortright 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Ehud Bandel / Arik Ascherman 2012 Amy Goodman 2013 Bill McKibben 2014 Medea Benjamin 2015 Tom B.K. Goldtooth / Kathy Kelly 2016 2017 Ralph Nader / Omar Barghouti 2018 Jackson Browne vte Civil rights movement (1954–1968) Events (timeline) Prior to 1954 Journey of Reconciliation Executive Order 9981 Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore Sweatt v. Painter (1950) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) Baton Rouge bus boycott 1954–1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom "Give Us the Ballot" Royal Ice Cream sit-in Little Rock Nine Cooper v. Aaron Civil Rights Act of 1957 Ministers' Manifesto Katz Drug Store sit-in Kissing Case Biloxi wade-ins 1960–1963 New Year's Day March Sit-in movement Greensboro sit-ins Nashville sit-ins Atlanta sit-ins Savannah Protest Movement Greenville Eight Civil Rights Act of 1960 Ax Handle Saturday Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia University of Georgia desegregation riot Rock Hill sit-ins Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address Freedom Rides Anniston bombing Birmingham attack Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement Cambridge movement University of Chicago sit-ins "Second Emancipation Proclamation" Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot Atlanta's Berlin Wall "Segregation now, segregation forever" Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights Detroit Walk to Freedom March on Washington "I Have a Dream" Big Six St. Augustine movement 1964–1968 Twenty-fourth Amendment Chester school protests Bloody Tuesday 1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests Freedom Summer workers' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung 1964–1965 Scripto strike 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches "How Long, Not Long" Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement Loving v. Virginia Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Civil Rights Act of 1968 Poor People's Campaign Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Black Panther Party Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Committee for Freedom Now Committee on Appeal for Human Rights An Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Council of Federated Organizations Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Lowndes County Freedom Organization Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Montgomery Improvement Association NAACP Youth Council Nashville Student Movement Nation of Islam Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) The Freedom Singers United Auto Workers (UAW) Wednesdays in Mississippi Women's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann Muhammad Ali William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker James Baldwin Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr. Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Bruce Boynton Raylawni Branch Stanley Branche Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Ralph Bunche Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J. L. Chestnut Shirley Chisholm Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr. Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Abraham Lincoln Davis Angela Davis Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers-Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Robert Graetz Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Fred Hampton William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Audrey Faye Hendricks Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T. R. M. Howard Ruby Hurley Cecil Ivory Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T. J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A. D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Sr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Danny Lyon Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Bob Mants Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Cecil B. Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore Queen Mother Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Huey P. Newton Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Fay Bellamy Powell Rodney N. Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond George Raymond Jr. Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Walter Reuther Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Angela Russell Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Bobby Seale Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A. P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C. T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr. Bob Zellner James Zwerg By region Omaha, Nebraska South Carolina Movement songs "Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round" "If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus" "Kumbaya" "Keep Your Eyes on the Prize" "Oh, Freedom" "This Little Light of Mine" "We Shall Not Be Moved" "We Shall Overcome" "Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)" Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W. E. B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Lynching in the United States Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Hernandez v. Texas Loving v. Virginia African-American women in the movement Jews in the civil rights movement Fifth Circuit Four 16th Street Baptist Church Kelly Ingram Park A.G. 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“Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety.” ~ Benjamin Franklin “Gentlemen! I too have been a close observer of the doings of the Bank of the United States. I have had men watching you for a long time, and am convinced that you have used the funds of the bank to speculate in the breadstuffs of the country. When you won, you divided the profits amongst you, and when you lost, you charged it to the bank. You tell me that if I take the deposits from the bank and annul its charter I shall ruin ten thousand families. That may be true, gentlemen, but that is your sin! Should I let you go on, you will ruin fifty thousand families, and that would be my sin! You are a den of vipers and thieves. I have determined to rout you out, and by the Eternal, (bringing his fist down on the table) I will rout you out!” ~Andrew Jackson “If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency first by inflation then by deflation the banks and corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the people of all property until their children wake up homeless on the continent their Fathers conquered... I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies... The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the people to whom it properly belongs.” ~ Thomas Jefferson The History of the House of Rothschild (1743-2006) The Rothschild have been in control of the world for a very long time, their tentacles reaching into many aspects of our daily lives, as is documented in the following timeline. However, before you jump to the timeline, please read this invaluable introduction which will tell you who the Rothschild are as opposed to who they claim to be. The Rothschilds claim that they are Jewish, when in fact they are Khazars. They are from a country called Khazaria, which occupied the land locked between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea which is now predominantly occupied by Georgia. The reason the Rothschilds claim to be Jewish is that the Khazars under the instruction of the King, converted to the Jewish faith in 740 A.D., but of course that did not include converting their Asiatic Mongolian genes to the genes of the Jewish people. You will find that approximately 90% of people in the world today who call themselves Jews are actually Khazars, or as they like to be known, Ashkenazi Jews. These people knowingly lie to the world with their claims that the land of Israel is theirs by birthright, when in actual fact their real homeland is over 800 miles away in Georgia. So, next time you hear an Israeli Prime Minister bleating about the so-called persecution of the Jews, consider this, every Prime Minister of Israel has been an Ashkenazi Jew. Therefore when all these Prime Ministers have curried favour with the West for their re-establishment of a Jewish homeland, they have knowingly and deliberately lied to you, as they were never from that region, and they well know it, because it is they who call themselves Ashkenazi Jews. The Book of Revelation, Chapter 2, Verse 9, states the following which would appear to be about these Ashkenazi Jews: “I know thy works, and tribulation and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan.” The most wealthy bloodline in the world bar none and the leader of the Ashkenazi Jews in the world today is the Rothschild family. The Rothschilds have obtained this position through lies, manipulation and murder. Their bloodline also extends into the Royal Families of Europe, and the following family names: Astor; Bundy; Collins; duPont; Freeman; Kennedy; Morgan; Oppenheimer; Rockefeller; Sassoon; Schiff; Taft; and Van Duyn.

Shared stories of violence and forcible displacement of Palestinians in the occupied West Bank as the war in Gaza rages. PLEASE SHARE THIS! BOYCOTT ISRAEL! SPREAD AWARENESS!!! WARNING: Bitchute seems to have restricted me from uploading my videos sometimes. Also, Rumble "indefinitely suspended" my original account. Please subscribe here and to my other channels listed below on other more... respectable platforms. Thanks. FOLLOW ME ON ODYSEE: www.odysee.com/@CreeperStatus FOLLOW ME ON BITCHUTE: www.bitchute.com/channel/creeper-status/ FOLLOW ME ON GAB: www.gab.com/CreeperStatus FOLLOW ME ON TELEGRAM: www.t.me/+qPL-AxvrYEpkMjI5 (@CreeperStatus) #ceasefirenow, ceasefirenow, Israel, Hamas, Palestine, Gaza, West Bank, occupation, settlers,

The dark side of history: https://thememoryhole.substack.com/ This film delves into the intricate socio-political landscape of Nicaragua and its people's relentless struggle against poverty and external interference. The film provides a stark portrayal of Nicaragua's historical battle for autonomy and dignity amidst the backdrop of American interventionism. The narrative unfolds across decades, spotlighting the cyclical pattern of external influence and internal turmoil. From the early 20th-century resistance against US military involvement to the prolonged oppression under the Somoza dictatorship, the documentary meticulously traces Nicaragua's journey toward the Sandinista revolution in 1979. With the Sandinista rise to power, glimpses of hope emerge as the country undergoes a transformative period. The film captures the ambitious reforms implemented by the Sandinista government: the establishment of a robust education system, significant strides in healthcare, and the equitable distribution of land among cooperatives and private peasants. These changes aimed to uplift the marginalized populace, mitigating malnutrition and illiteracy while fostering self-sufficiency. However, the documentary pivots to the escalating threats faced by Nicaragua. President Ronald Reagan's administration, backed by British support, portrays the Sandinista movement as a communist threat, justifying covert funding and support for the Contra rebels. It underscores the Contras' relentless attacks orchestrated from neighboring Honduras, funded and directed by the CIA, posing a severe challenge to Nicaragua's stability. The documentary serves as a poignant critique, raising vital questions about the disproportionate response of powerful nations to the perceived threat of progress and self-determination in smaller, vulnerable countries. It provokes contemplation on the ethics of interventionism and the extent to which a nation must suffer before being deemed non-threatening by global powers. Nicaragua is a nation in Central America. It is located about midway between Mexico and Colombia, bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. Nicaragua ranges from the Caribbean Sea on the nation's east coast, and the Pacific Ocean bordering the west. Nicaragua also possesses a series of islands and cays located in the Caribbean Sea. Nicaragua's name is derived from Nicarao, the name of the Nahuatl-speaking tribe which inhabited the shores of Lake Nicaragua before the Spanish conquest of the Americas, and the Spanish word agua, meaning water, due to the presence of the large Lake Cocibolca (or Lake Nicaragua) and Lake Managua (or Lake Xolotlán), as well as lagoons and rivers in the region. Pre-Columbian Nicaragua An ancient petroglyph on Ometepe Island Eastern Nicaragua was populated by Misumalpan and Chibchan-speaking groups, belonging to the Isthmo-Colombian area. Here, the population consisted of extended families or tribes. Food was obtained by hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn agriculture. Crops like cassava and pineapples were the staple foods. The people of eastern Nicaragua appear to have traded with and been influenced by the native peoples of the Caribbean, as round thatched huts and canoes, both typical of the Caribbean, were common in eastern Nicaragua. When the Spanish arrived in western Nicaragua in the early 16th century, they found three principal tribes, each with a different culture and language: the Niquirano, the Chorotega, and the Chontal. Each one of these diverse groups occupied much of Nicaragua territory, with independent chieftains who ruled according to each group's laws and customs. Their weapons consisted of swords, lances, and arrows made out of wood. Monarchy was the form of government of most tribes; the supreme ruler was the chief, or cacique, who, surrounded by his princes, formed the nobility. Laws and regulations were disseminated by royal messengers who visited each township and assembled the inhabitants to give their chief's orders. Occupying the territory between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific Coast, the Niquirano were governed by chief Nicarao, or Nicaragua, a rich ruler who lived in Nicaraocali, now the city of Rivas. They spoke a version of Nahuat and had migrated from El Salvador around 1200 CE, and ultimately from Central Mexico before that.[1] The Chorotegas, also known as Mangue, lived in the central region, and are also thought to have ultimately migrated from Central Mexico or Oaxaca, between 600 and 700 CE, given that their language belongs to the Oto-Manguean family. These two groups had intimate contact with the Spanish conquerors, paving the way for the racial mix of native and Spanish stock now known as mestizos. The Chontal (which means foreigner in Nahuatl[2]), also known as the Caribs, occupied the central mountain region. This group was smaller than the other two, and it is not known when they first settled in Nicaragua. It is possible that this group has modern representatives in the Cacaopera people. In the west and highland areas where the Spanish settled, the indigenous population was almost completely wiped out by the rapid spread of new diseases brought by the Spaniards, for which the native population had no immunity, and the virtual enslavement of the remainder of the indigenous people. In the east, where the Europeans did not settle, most indigenous groups survived. The English introduced guns and ammunition to one of the local peoples, the Bawihka, who lived in northeast Nicaragua. The Bawihka later intermarried with runaway slaves from Britain's Caribbean possessions, and the resulting population, with its access to superior weapons, began to expand its territory and push other indigenous groups into the interior. This Afro-indigenous group became known to the Europeans as Miskito, and the displaced survivors of their expansionist activities were called the Mayangna. Spanish conquest Further information: Spanish colonization of the Americas and Spanish conquest of Nicaragua Nicaragua was first discovered by Europeans when Christopher Columbus invaded from Honduras and explored the eastern coast on his fourth voyage in 1502. In 1522, the first Spaniards entered the region of what would become known as Nicaragua. Gil González Dávila with a small force reached its western portion after a trek through Costa Rica. He proceeded to explore the fertile western valleys and was impressed with the Indian civilization he found there. He and his small army gathered gold and baptized Indians along the way. Eventually, they became so imposed upon the Indians that they were attacked and nearly annihilated. González Dávila returned to his expedition's starting point in Panama and reported on his find, naming the area Nicaragua. However, governor Pedrarias Dávila attempted to arrest him and confiscate his treasure. He was forced to flee to Santo Domingo to outfit another expedition. Within a few months, Nicaragua was invaded by several Spanish forces, each led by a conquistador. González Dávila was authorized by royal decree and came in from the Caribbean coast of Honduras. Francisco Hernández de Córdoba at the command of the governor of Panama approached from Costa Rica. Pedro de Alvarado and Cristóbal de Olid at the command of Hernán Cortés, came from Guatemala through San Salvador and Honduras. Córdoba apparently came with the intention of colonization. In 1524, he established permanent settlements in the region, including two of Nicaragua's principal towns: Granada on Lake Nicaragua and León west of Lake Managua. But he soon found it necessary to prepare defenses for the cities and go on the offensive against incursions by the other conquistadores. The inevitable clash between the Spanish forces devastated the indigenous population. The Indian civilization was destroyed. The series of battles came to be known as The War of the Captains.[3] By 1529, the conquest of Nicaragua was complete. Several conquistadores came out winners, and some were executed or murdered. Pedrarias Dávila was one such winner. Although he lost control of Panama, he moved to Nicaragua and established his base in León. The land was parceled out to the conquistadores. The area of most interest was the western portion. It included a wide, fertile valley with huge, freshwater lakes, a series of volcanoes, and volcanic lagoons. Many Indians were soon enslaved to develop and maintain "estates" there. Others were put to work in mines in northern Nicaragua, but the great majority were sent as slaves to Panama and Peru, for significant profit to the new landed aristocracy. Many Indians died through disease and neglect by the Spaniards, who controlled everything necessary for their subsistence. From colony to state Manuel Antonio de la Cerda, one of the main leaders of the 1811 and 1812 Independence Movements and first Head of State of Nicaragua. In 1538, the Viceroyalty of New Spain was established, encompassing all of Mexico and Central America, except Panama. By 1570, the southern part of New Spain was designated the Captaincy General of Guatemala. The area of Nicaragua was divided into administrative "parties" with León as the capital. In 1610, the volcano known as Momotombo erupted, destroying the capital. It was rebuilt northwest of its original site. In the meantime, the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua became a supplementary node to the trade route between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico; otherwise known as the Manila galleon trade route.[4] The history of Nicaragua remained relatively static for three hundred years following the conquest. There were minor civil wars and rebellions, but they were quickly suppressed. The region was subject to frequent raids by Dutch, French and British pirates, with the city of Granada being invaded twice, in 1658 and 1660. Fight for independence Nicaraguans were divided over Spanish monarchy and independence. In 1811, Nicolás García Jerez, a priest decided to make concessions with pro-independence figures. He proposed holding elections for each barrios, in order to form a government junta. However, he soon declared himself as governor and threatened to punish rebellions by death. Nicaraguans were divided over monarchy and independence. This division made Nicaragua the most active civil battleground in Latin America. The citizens of Leon were the first to act against the Spanish monarchy.[5] They overthrew the local intendente Jose Salvador on December 13, 1811. Granada followed Leon's move with a vote of confidence and demanded the retirement of Spanish officials. The Spanish constitution of 1812 granted more independence to local administrations, and Garcia Perez was appointed as the intendente of Nicaragua. Map of Central America (1860s), pictured is Nicaragua along with the Guanacaste Province which then belonged to Nicaragua but was incorporated with present-day Costa Rica in 1825. In 1821 Guatemala declared its independence and all central american provinces followed it. Nicaragua became a part of the First Mexican Empire in 1822, was a part of the United Provinces of Central America in 1823, and then became an independent republic in its own right in 1838. The Mosquito Coast based on Bluefields on the Atlantic was claimed by the United Kingdom as a protectorate from 1655 to 1850. This area was designated to Honduras in 1859 and transferred to Nicaragua in 1860, though it remained autonomous until 1894. Much of Nicaragua's politics since independence has been characterized by the rivalry between the liberal elite of León and the conservative elite of Granada. The rivalry often degenerated into civil war, particularly during the 1840s and 1850s. Initially invited by the Liberals in 1855 to join their struggle against the Conservatives, a United States adventurer named William Walker declared himself President in 1856 and made English the official language. (See Walker affair.) Honduras and other Central American countries united to drive him out of Nicaragua in 1857, after which a period of three decades of Conservative rule ensued.[6] They were supported by the United States industrialist Cornelius Vanderbilt, who had originally sponsored Walker in Nicaragua. Walker was executed in neighboring Honduras on September 12, 1860.[7] Taking advantage of divisions within the conservative ranks, José Santos Zelaya led a liberal revolt that brought him to power in 1893. Zelaya ended the longstanding dispute with the United Kingdom over the Atlantic coast in 1894, and "reincorporated" the Mosquito Coast into Nicaragua. US interventions Central America 1892 Because of the strategic importance of Nicaragua in the hemisphere, the United States (US) made numerous military interventions to protect what it believed were its interests in the region:[8] 1894: Month-long occupation of Bluefields 1896: Marines land in port of Corinto 1898: Marines land at port of San Juan del Sur 1899: Marines land at port of Bluefields 1907: "Dollar Diplomacy" protectorate set up 1910: Marines land in Bluefields and Corinto 1912-33: Bombing, 20-year occupation, fought guerrillas 1981-90: CIA directs exile (Contra) revolution, plants harbor mines against government United States occupation (1909–1933) Main article: United States occupation of Nicaragua U.S. Marines leaving New York City in 1909 for deployment in Nicaragua. Then-Colonel William P. Biddle, in charge of the detachment, is in civilian clothes at right. In 1909, the United States provided political support to conservative-led forces rebelling against President Zelaya. U.S. motives included differences over the proposed Nicaragua Canal, Nicaragua's potential as a destabilizing influence in the region, and Zelaya's attempts to regulate foreign access to Nicaraguan natural resources. On November 17, 1909, two Americans were executed by order of Zelaya after the two men confessed to having laid a mine in the San Juan River with the intention of blowing up the Diamante. The U.S. justified the intervention by claiming to protect U.S. lives and property. Zelaya resigned later that year. In August 1912, the President of Nicaragua, Adolfo Díaz, requested the resignation of the Secretary of War, General Luis Mena. Concerned that Díaz was leading an insurrection, Mena fled Managua with his brother, the Chief of Police of Managua, and the insurrection escalated. When the U.S. Legation asked President Adolfo Díaz to ensure the safety of American citizens and property during the insurrection, Díaz replied that he could not and that... In consequence my Government desires that the Government of the United States guarantee with its forces security for the property of American Citizens in Nicaragua and that it extend its protection to all the inhabitants of the Republic.[9] United States Marines were stationed in Nicaragua from 1912 to 1933, except for a nine-month period beginning in 1925.[10] From 1910 to 1926, the conservative party ruled Nicaragua. The Chamorro family, which had long dominated the party, effectively controlled the government during that period. In 1914, the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty was signed, giving the U.S. control over the proposed canal, as well as leases for potential canal defenses. Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927) Main article: Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927) Following the evacuation of U.S. immigrants in 1925, another violent conflict between liberals and conservatives known as the Constitutionalist War took place in 1926, when Liberal soldiers in the Caribbean port of Puerto Cabezas revolted against Conservative President Adolfo Díaz, recently installed as a result of United States pressure following a coup. The leader of this revolt, Gen. José María Moncada, declared that he supported the claim of exiled Liberal vice-president Juan Bautista Sacasa, who arrived in Puerto Cabezas in December, declaring himself president of a "constitutional" government. The U.S., using the threat of military intervention, forced the Liberal generals to agree to a cease-fire. On May 4, 1927, representatives from the two warring factions signed the Pact of Espino Negro, negotiated by Henry Stimson, appointed by U.S. President Calvin Coolidge as a special envoy to Nicaragua. Under the terms of the accord, both sides agreed to disarm, Díaz would be allowed to finish his term and a new national army would be established, the Guardia Nacional (National Guard), with U.S. soldiers remaining in the country to supervise the upcoming November presidential election.[11] Later, a battalion of the U.S. army under the command of Gen. Logan Feland arrived to enforce the agreement. 1927–1933 The only Nicaraguan general to refuse to sign this pact (el tratado del Espino Negro) was Augusto César Sandino. He took refuge in the northern mountains of Las Segovias.[12] He led a sustained guerrilla war, first against the Conservative regime and subsequently against the U.S. Marines, who withdrew upon the establishment of a new Liberal government. When the Americans left in 1933 as a result of Sandino's guerrilla war and the Great Depression, they set up the National Guard, a combined military and police force trained and equipped by the Americans, designed to be loyal to U.S. interests. Anastasio Somoza García, a close friend of the American government, was put in charge. He was one of the three rulers of the country, the others being Sandino and the mostly figurehead President Juan Bautista Sacasa. Sandino and the newly elected Sacasa government reached an agreement by which he would cease his guerrilla activities in return for amnesty, a grant of land for an agricultural colony, and retention of an armed band of 100 men for a year.[13] The Nicaraguan Campaign Medal, a decoration of the United States Navy, was later issued for those American service members who had performed military duty in Nicaragua during the early years of the 20th century. There followed a growing hostility between Sandino and Anastasio Somoza Garcia, chief of the national guard, which prompted Somoza to order the assassination of Sandino.[14][15] Fearing future armed opposition from Sandino, Somoza invited him to a meeting in Managua, where Sandino was assassinated on February 21 of 1934 by the National Guard. Following the death of Sandino was the execution of hundreds of men, women, and children.[16] Somoza dynasty (1936–1979) This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Anastasio Somoza García's rule With Sandino's death and using his troops, the National Guard, to force Sacasa to resign, Somoza had taken control of the country in 1937 and destroyed any potential armed resistance.[17] The Somoza family would rule until 1979. The earliest opposition to Somoza came from the educated middle class and the normally conservative wealthy, such as Pedro Joaquín Chamorro. On September 21, 1956, a Nicaraguan poet, Rigoberto López Pérez, snuck into a party attended by the President and shot him in the chest. In his memoirs Nicaragua Betrayed, Anastasio Debayle (Somoza's son) claims that Chamorro had knowledge of the assassination plot. While the assassin quickly died in a hail of gunfire, Somoza himself died a few days later, in an American hospital in the Panama Canal Zone. Somoza's rise to power and the formation of a dictatorship Divisions within the Conservative Party in the 1932 elections paved the way for the Liberal Juan Bautista Sacasa to assume power. This initiated an inherently weak presidency—hardly a formidable obstacle to Somoza as he set about building his personal influence over Congress and over the ruling Liberal Party. President Sacasa's popularity decreased as a result of his poor leadership and accusations of fraud in the 1934 congressional elections. Somoza García benefited from Sacasa's diminishing power, and at the same time brought together the National Guard and the Liberal Party (Partido Liberal – PL) in order to win the presidential elections in 1936. Somoza Garcia also cultivated support from former presidents Moncada and Chamorro while consolidating control within the Liberal Party. Early in 1936, Somoza openly confronted President Sacasa by using military force to displace local government officials loyal to the president and replacing them with close associates. Somoza García's increasing military confrontation led to Sacasa's resignation on June 6, 1936. The Congress appointed Carlos Brenes Jarquín, a Somoza García associate, as interim president and postponed presidential elections until December. In November, Somoza resigned as chief director of the National Guard, thus complying with constitutional requirements for eligibility to run for the presidency. The Liberal Nationalist Party (Partido Liberal Nacionalista – PLN) was established with support from a faction of the Conservative Party to support Somoza Garcia's candidacy. Somoza was elected president in the December election by the remarkable margin of 107,201 votes to 108. On January 1, 1937, he resumed control of the National Guard, combining the roles of president and chief director of the military. After Somoza's win in the December 1936 presidential elections, he proceeded to consolidate his power within the National Guard, while at the same time dividing his political opponents. Somoza family-members and close associates took up key positions within the government and the military. The Somoza family also controlled the PLN, which in turn controlled the legislature and judicial system, thus giving Somoza absolute power over every sphere of Nicaraguan politics. Nominal political opposition was allowed as long as it did not threaten the ruling élite. Somoza Garcia's National Guard repressed serious political opposition and anti-government demonstrations. The institutional power of the National Guard grew in most government-owned enterprises, until eventually the Guard controlled the national radio and telegraph networks, the postal and immigration services, health services, the internal revenue service, and the national railroads. In less than two years after his election, Somoza Garcia, defying the Conservative Party, declared his intention to stay in power beyond his presidential term. Thus, in 1938, Somoza Garcia named a Constituent Assembly that gave the president extensive power and elected him for another eight-year term. A Constituent Assembly, extension of the presidential term from four years to six years, and clauses empowering the president to decree laws relating to the National Guard without consulting Congress, ensured Somoza's absolute control over the state and the military. Control over electoral and legislative machinery provided the basis for a permanent dictatorship. In 1941, during World War II, Nicaragua declared war on Germany. Somoza sent no troops to the battlefronts, but used the crisis to seize attractive properties held by German-Nicaraguans, the best known of which was the Montelimar estate. (Today it operates as a privately owned luxury resort and casino.[18]) Nicaragua became the first country to ratify the UN Charter.[19] Younger Somozas Somoza García was succeeded by his two sons. Luis Somoza Debayle became President (29 September 1956 to 1 May 1963), and was effectively dictator of the country until his death, but his brother Anastasio Somoza Debayle held great power as head of the National Guard. A graduate of West Point, Anastasio was even closer to the Americans than his father and was said to speak better English than Spanish. Luis Somoza, remembered by some for being moderate, was in power for only a few years before dying of a heart attack. The revolutionaries opposing the Somozas were greatly strengthened by the Cuban Revolution. The revolution provided both hope and inspiration to the insurgents, as well as weapons and funding. Operating from Costa Rica they formed the Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional (FSLN) and came to be known as Sandinistas. They took their name from the still legendary Augusto César Sandino. With aid from the United States, the Somoza brothers succeeded in defeating the guerrillas. Then came president, René Schick, whom most Nicaraguans viewed "as nothing more than a puppet of the Somozas".[20] President Luis Somoza Debayle, under pressure from the rebels, announced that national elections would be held in February 1963. Election reforms had been made that established secret ballots and a supervising electoral commission, although the Conservative Party never elected any members of the commission. Somoza had also introduced a constitutional amendment that would prevent family members from succeeding him. The opposition was extremely skeptical of Somoza's promises, and ultimately control of the country passed to Anastasio Somoza Debayle. In 1961, a young student, Carlos Fonseca, evoked the historical figure of Sandino, and founded the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). The FSLN was a tiny party throughout most of the 1960s, but Somoza's hatred of it, and his repressive treatment of anyone suspected as a Sandinista sympathizer, gave many ordinary Nicaraguans the idea that the Sandinistas were much stronger than was the case. Somoza acquired monopolies in industries that were key to rebuilding the nation, not allowing other members of the upper class to share the profits that would result from the reborn economic activity. This ultimately weakened Somoza since even the economic elite were reluctant to support him. In the 1950s a synthetic brand of cotton, one of Nicaragua's economic pillars of the epoch, was developed. This caused the price of cotton to decrease, placing the economy in great trouble. Landless peasants worked on large plantations during short harvest seasons and received wages as low as US$1 per day. In desperation, many of these poor laborers migrated east, seeking their own land near the rain forest. In 1968, the World Health Organization found that polluted water led to 17% of all Nicaraguan deaths. American economic involvement From 1945 to 1960, the U.S.-owned Nicaraguan Long Leaf Pine Company (NIPCO) directly paid the Somoza family millions of dollars in exchange for favorable benefits to the company, such as not having to re-forest clear cut areas. By 1961, NIPCO had cut all of the commercially viable coastal pines in northeast Nicaragua. Expansion of cotton plantations in the 1950s and cattle ranches in the 1960s forced peasant families from the areas they had farmed for decades. Some were forced by the National Guard to relocate into colonization projects in the rainforest. Some moved eastward into the hills, where they cleared forests in order to plant crops. Soil erosion forced them, however, to abandon their land and move deeper into the rainforest. Cattle ranchers then claimed the abandoned land. Peasants and ranchers continued this movement deep into the rain forest. By the early 1970s, Nicaragua had become the United States' top beef supplier. The beef supported fast-food chains and pet food production. President Anastasio Somoza Debayle owned the largest slaughterhouse in Nicaragua, as well as six meat-packing plants in Miami. Also in the 1950s and 1960s, 40% of all U.S. pesticide exports went to Central America. Nicaragua and its neighbors widely used compounds banned in the U.S., such as DDT, endrin, dieldrin and lindane. In 1977 a study revealed that mothers living in León had 45 times more DDT in their breast milk than the World Health Organization safe level. Sandinista insurrection (1972–1979) See also: Sandinista National Liberation Front A major turning point was the December 1972 Managua earthquake that killed over 10,000 people and left 500,000 homeless. A great deal of international relief was sent to the nation. Some Nicaraguan historians point to the earthquake that devastated Managua as the final 'nail in the coffin' for Somoza; some 90% of the city was destroyed. Somoza's brazen corruption, mishandling of relief (which prompted Pittsburgh Pirates star Roberto Clemente to fly to Managua on December 31, 1972, to try to help - a flight that ended in his death)[21] and refusal to rebuild Managua, flooded the ranks of the Sandinistas with young disaffected Nicaraguans who no longer had anything to lose.[22] The Sandinistas received some support from Cuba and the Soviet Union. On 27 December 1974, a group of nine FSLN guerrillas invaded a party at the home of a former Minister of Agriculture, killing him and three guards in the process of taking several leading government officials and prominent businessmen hostage. In return for the hostages they succeeded in getting the government to pay US$2 million ransom, broadcast an FSLN declaration on the radio and in the opposition newspaper La Prensa, release fourteen FSLN members from jail, and fly the raiders and the released FSLN members to Cuba. Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo acted as an intermediary during the negotiations.[23] The incident humiliated the government and greatly enhanced the prestige of the FSLN. Somoza, in his memoirs, refers to this action as the beginning of a sharp escalation in terms of Sandinista attacks and government reprisals. Martial law was declared in 1975, and the National Guard began to raze villages in the jungle suspected of supporting the rebels. Human rights groups condemned the actions, but U.S. President Gerald Ford refused to break the U.S. alliance with Somoza. The country tipped into full-scale civil war with the 1978 murder of Pedro Chamorro, who had opposed violence against the regime. 50,000 people turned out for his funeral. It was assumed by many that Somoza had ordered his assassination; suspected plotters included the dictator's son, “El Chiguin”, Somoza's President of National Congress of Nicaragua, Cornelio Hueck, Somoza's Attorney General, and Pedro Ramos, a close Cuban ally who commercialized illegal blood plasma. A nationwide strike, including labour and private businesses, commenced in protest, demanding an end to the dictatorship. At the same time, the Sandinistas stepped up their rate of guerrilla activity. Several towns, assisted by Sandinista guerrillas, expelled their National Guard units. Somoza responded with increasing violence and repression. When León became the first city in Nicaragua to fall to the Sandinistas, he responded with aerial bombardment, famously ordering the air force to "bomb everything that moves until it stops moving." The U.S. media grew increasingly unfavorable in its reporting on the situation in Nicaragua. Realizing that the Somoza dictatorship was unsustainable, the Carter administration attempted to force him to leave Nicaragua. Somoza refused and sought to maintain his power through the National Guard. At that point, the U.S. ambassador sent a cable to the White House saying it would be "ill-advised" to call off the bombing, because such an action would help the Sandinistas gain power. When ABC reporter Bill Stewart was executed by the National Guard, and graphic film of the killing was broadcast on American TV, the American public became more hostile to Somoza. In the end, President Carter refused Somoza further U.S. military aid, believing that the repressive nature of the government had led to popular support for the Sandinista uprising. In May 1979, another general strike was called, and the FSLN launched a major push to take control of the country. By mid July they had Somoza and the National Guard isolated in Managua.[24] Sandinista period (1979–1990) Main article: History of Nicaragua (1979–1990) As Nicaragua's government collapsed and the National Guard commanders escaped with Somoza, the U.S. first promised and then denied them exile in Miami. The rebels advanced on the capital victoriously. On July 19, 1979, a new government was proclaimed under a provisional junta headed by 33-year-old Daniel Ortega, and included Violeta Chamorro, Pedro's widow. Somoza eventually ended up in Paraguay, where he was assassinated in September 1980, allegedly by members of the 'Argentinian Revolutionary Workers' Party.[25] The United Nations estimated material damage from the revolutionary war to be US$480 million. The FSLN took over a nation plagued by malnutrition, disease, and pesticide contaminations. Lake Managua was considered dead because of decades of pesticide runoff, toxic chemical pollution from lakeside factories, and untreated sewage. Soil erosion and dust storms were also a problem in Nicaragua at the time due to deforestation. To tackle these crises, the FSLN created the Nicaraguan Institute of Natural Resources and the Environment. The key large-scale programs of the Sandinistas included a National Literacy Crusade from March to August 1980. Nicaragua received international recognition for gains in literacy, health care, education, childcare, unions, and land reform.[26][27] Daniel Ortega remained as president in the 1980s, going on to become one of the longest leaders in the Americas. Managua became the second capital in the hemisphere after Cuba to host an embassy from North Korea. Due to tensions between their Soviet sponsors and China, the Sandinistas allowed Taiwan to retain its mission and refused to allow a Chinese mission in the country. The Sandinistas won the national election of November 4, 1984, gathering 67% of the vote. The election was certified as "free and fair" by the majority of international observers. The Nicaraguan political opposition and the Reagan administration claimed political restrictions were placed on the opposition by the government. The primary opposition candidate was the U.S.-backed Arturo Cruz, who succumbed to pressure from the United States government[28] not to take part in the 1984 elections; later US officials were quoted as saying, "the (Reagan) Administration never contemplated letting Cruz stay in the race, because then the Sandinistas could justifiably claim that the elections were legitimate."[29] Three right-wing opposition parties (Coordinadora Democrática Nicaragüense) boycotted the election, claiming that the Sandinistas were manipulating the media and that the elections might not be fair. Other opposition parties such as the Conservative Democratic Party and the Independent Liberal party, were both free to denounce the Sandinista government and participate in the elections.[30] Ortega was victorious, but the long years of war had decimated Nicaragua's economy. Historian Christopher Andrew claimed that it was later discovered that the FSLN had, in fact, been suppressing right-wing opposition parties while leaving moderate parties alone, with Ortega claiming that the moderates "presented no danger and served as a convenient facade to the outside world".[31] In 1993, the Library of Congress wrote "Foreign observers generally reported that the election was fair. Opposition groups, however, said that the FSLN domination of government organs, mass organizations groups, and much of the media created a climate of intimidation that precluded a truly open election.".[32] Communist leanings and U.S. backed Contras American support for the long rule of the Somoza family had soured relations, and the FSLN government was committed to a Marxist ideology, with many of the leading Sandinista continuing long-standing relationships with the Soviet Union and Cuba. United States President Jimmy Carter, who had cut off aid to Somoza's Nicaragua the previous year, initially hoped that continued American aid to the new government would keep the Sandinistas from forming a doctrinaire Marxist–Leninist government aligned with the Soviet bloc, but the Carter administration aid was minimal,[33] and the Sandinistas turned to Cuban and Eastern European assistance to build a new army of 75,000, including T-55 tanks, heavy artillery and HIND attack helicopters, that made the Sandinista Army more powerful than its neighbors. The Soviets also pledged to provide MiG 21 fighters, but the aircraft were never delivered.[31] With the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, relations between the United States and the Sandinista regime became an active front in the Cold War. The Reagan administration insisted on the "Communist threat" posed by the Sandinistas—reacting particularly to the support provided to the Sandinistas by Cuba and the Soviets. The US suspended aid due to evidence of Sandinista support to FMLN rebels in El Salvador.[34] Prior to U.S. aid withdrawal, FSLN politician Bayardo Arce, stated that "Nicaragua is the only country building its socialism with the dollars of imperialism." The Reagan administration responded by imposing economic sanctions and a trade embargo against Nicaragua in 1981, which would not be lifted until 1990.[35] Right-wing contra guerrillas in 1987, the group was supported by the US to oppose the Sandinista government. After a brief period of sanctions, Nicaragua was faced with a collapsing economy.[36] The U.S. trained and financed the Contras, which were a counter-revolutionary group, based in neighboring Honduras to militarily oppose the Sandinista government. President Reagan called the Contras "the moral equivalent of our founding fathers." The Contras, groups of Somoza's National Guard who had fled to Honduras, were organized, trained and funded by CIA. The Contra chain of command included some ex-National Guardsmen, including Contra founder and commander Enrique Bermúdez and others, including ex-Sandinista hero Edén Pastora, who rejected the Leninist orientation of the Sandinistas. The Contras operated out of camps in the neighboring Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. They engaged in a systematic campaign of terror amongst the rural Nicaraguan population to disrupt social reform projects of the Sandinistas. The US support for the Contras sparked widespread criticism from many quarters around the globe including within Nicaragua and the U.S., Democrats in Congress included. Several historians have criticized the contra campaign and the Reagan Administration's support for it, citing the brutality and numerous human rights violations of the Contras. LaRamee and Polakoff, for example, describe the destruction of health centers, schools and cooperatives at the hands of the rebels.[37] Others have contended that large scale murder, rape and torture also occurred in Contra dominated areas.[38] The US also sought to place economic pressure on the Sandinistas, and the Reagan administration imposed a full trade embargo.[39] The Sandinistas were also accused of human rights abuses including torture, disappearances and mass executions.[40][41] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights investigated abuses by Sandinista forces, including an execution of 35 to 40 Miskitos in December 1981,[42] and an execution of 75 people in November 1984.[43] American pressure against the government escalated throughout 1983 and 1984; the Contras began a campaign of economic sabotage and disrupted shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's Port of Corinto,[44] an action later condemned by the International Court of Justice as illegal.[45] Daniel Ortega was elected president in 1984. The years of war and Nicaragua's economic situation had taken an unparalleled toll on Nicaragua. The US Government offered a political amnesty program that gave visas to any Nicaraguan without question. Nicaraguans (particularly wealthy on or those who had familial connections within the US) left the country in the largest emigration Nicaraguan history. On May 1, 1985, Reagan issued an executive order that imposed a full economic embargo on Nicaragua, which remained in force until March 1990. Comparative GDP per capita. Nicaragua experienced a large fall in growth in the late 1980s. Nicaragua won a historic case against the U.S. at the International Court of Justice in 1986 (see Nicaragua v. United States), and the U.S. was ordered to pay Nicaragua $12 billion in reparations for violating Nicaraguan sovereignty by engaging in attacks against it. The United States withdrew its acceptance of the Court arguing it had no authority in matters of sovereign state relations. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution[46] to pressure the U.S. to pay. Only Israel and El Salvador, which was backed in its own guerrilla insurgency, voted with the U.S.. Jeane Kirkpatrick, the American ambassador to the UN, criticized the Court as a "semi-judicial" body. In addition, the U.S. noted that Cuba and the Soviet Union had earlier committed the same violations against Nicaraguan sovereignty by providing training and ammunition to the Sandinistas against the Somoza regime.[47] The International Court of Justice decision called the nature of the conflict in Nicaragua as one of aggression directed by a foreign power against Nicaragua. In a twelve to three vote, the Court's summary judgment against the United States stated that by: ...training, arming, equipping, financing and supplying the contra forces or otherwise encouraging, supporting and aiding military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua, the United States has acted, against the Republic of Nicaragua, in breach of its obligation under customary international law not to intervene in the affairs of another State.[48] In 1982, legislation was enacted by US Congress to prohibit further aid to the Contras. Reagan's officials attempted to illegally supply them out of the proceeds of arms sales to Iran and third party donations, triggering the Iran–Contra Affair of 1986–87. Mutual exhaustion, Sandinista fears of Contra unity and military success, and mediation by other regional governments led to the Sapoa ceasefire between the Sandinistas and the Contras on March 23, 1988. Subsequent agreements were designed to reintegrate the Contras and their supporters into Nicaraguan society in preparation for general elections Sixteen years of center-right rule (1990–2006) The FSLN lost to the National Opposition Union by 14 points in elections on February 25, 1990. ABC news had been predicting a 16-point Sandinista victory. At the beginning of Violeta Chamorro's nearly 7 years in office the Sandinistas still largely controlled the army, labor unions, and courts. Her government made moves towards consolidating democratic institutions, advancing national reconciliation, stabilizing the economy, privatizing state-owned enterprises. Due to the control and influence of the army by the Sandinistas, the period following this saw the United States again re-introducing sanctions to Nicaragua from 1992 to 1995. Demands from the United States on lifting the sanctions were as given: strengthen civil control over the Nicaraguan military and settle expropriation claims.[35] In February 1995, Sandinista Popular Army Cmdr. Gen. Humberto Ortega was replaced, in accordance with a new military code enacted in 1994 by Gen. Joaquín Cuadra, who espoused a policy of greater professionalism in the renamed Army of Nicaragua. A new police organization law, passed by the National Assembly and signed into law in August 1996, further codified both civilian control of the police and the professionalization of that law enforcement agency. Affected regions in Nicaragua during Hurricane Mitch. The October 20, 1996 presidential, legislative, and mayoral elections also were judged free and fair by international observers and by the groundbreaking national electoral observer group Ética y Transparencia (Ethics and Transparency) despite a number of irregularities, due largely to logistical difficulties and a baroquely complicated electoral law. This time Nicaraguans elected former-Managua Mayor Arnoldo Alemán, leader of the center-right Liberal Alliance, which later consolidated into the Constitutional Liberal Party (PLC). Alemán continued to privatize the economy and promote infrastructure projects such as highways, bridges, and wells, assisted in large part by foreign assistance received after Hurricane Mitch hit Nicaragua in October 1998. His administration was besieged by charges of corruption, resulting in the resignation of several key officials in mid-2000. Alemán himself was subsequently convicted of official corruption and sentenced to twenty years in jail. In November 2000, Nicaragua held municipal elections. Alemán's PLC won a majority of the overall mayoral races. The FSLN fared considerably better in larger urban areas, winning a significant number of departmental capitals including Managua. Presidential and legislative elections were held on November 4, 2001, the country's fourth free and fair election since 1990. Enrique Bolaños of the PLC was elected to the Nicaraguan presidency, defeating the FSLN candidate Daniel Ortega, by 14 percentage points. The elections were characterized by international observers as free, fair and peaceful. Bolaños was inaugurated on January 10, 2002. In November 2006 the presidential election was won by Daniel Ortega, returned to power after 16 years in opposition. International observers, including the Carter Center, judged the election to be free and fair. The country partly rebuilt its economy during the 1990s, but was hit hard by Hurricane Mitch at the end of October 1998, almost exactly a decade after the similarly destructive Hurricane Joan and again in 2007 it was hit by Hurricane Felix, a category 5 hurricane. Ten years later, Hurricane Nate also hit Nicaragua and destroyed much of the infrastructure in the countryside, such as communication masts. Ortega back in power (2006–present) 2014–18 Nicaraguan protests In the Nicaraguan general election, 2006 Daniel Ortega gained some 38% of the vote in the single round, thus returning to power for his second term overall. The constitution at the time included a ban on immediate reelection of an incumbent president and on any one individual serving more than two terms as president. That notwithstanding, Ortega ran again and won the Nicaraguan general election, 2011 amid accusations of fraud by losing candidate Fabio Gadea Mantilla. Economic growth during most of those two terms was strong, and tourism in Nicaragua grew especially strongly, in part thanks to the perception of Nicaragua as a safe country to visit. The Nicaraguan general election, 2016 saw a partial electoral boycott by the opposition and again accusations of electoral fraud as well, as accusations that the abstention rate was higher than the one officially published by the government. The Nicaraguan Canal was an issue of public debate and some controversy. Starting 19 April 2018, criticism of the Ortega government over the canal, forest fires in the Indio Maíz nature reserve, and a planned reform of the social security system led to the 2018–2022 Nicaraguan protests to which the government responded with violence and harsh repression. See also flagNicaragua portal José Antonio Lacayo de Briones y Palacios List of presidents of Nicaragua Nicaragua v. United States (1986 International Court of Justice judgement) Politics of Nicaragua Timeline of Managua UNAPA (1994) General: History of Central America List of years in Nicaragua References Fowler 1985, p. 37. Covarrubias, Miguel (1986). "Mexico South: The Isthmus of Tehuantepec". pp. 68ff. ISBN 9780710301840. Retrieved 2009-01-19. Duncan, David Ewing, Hernando de Soto – A Savage Quest in the Americas – Book II: Consolidation, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1995 Making the First Global Trade Route: The Southeast Asian Foundations of the Acapulco-Manila Galleon Trade, 1519-1650 (Page 163) Citing Andre Gschaedler, "Mexico and the Pacific, 1540 - 1565: The Voyage of Villabos and Legazpi and the Preparations Made for Them," (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1954), 40. https://library.ucsd.edu/research-and-collections/collections/notable-collections/latin-american-elections-statistics/Nicaragua/elections-and-events-18111856.html Archived 2021-03-01 at the Wayback Machine> Herring, Hubert, A History of Latin America – from the Beginnings to the Present – Chapter 28, Central America and Panama – Nicaragua, 1838–1909, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1968 "William Walker". Goodfelloweb. Archived from the original on 2007-07-28. Retrieved 2007-05-09. History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America "Foreign Relations of the United States 1912, pg. 1032ff". Thompson, Arthur R. (March 1916). "Renovating Nicaragua". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXXI: 490–503. Retrieved 2009-08-04. David Model, Lying for Empire: How to Commit War Crimes With a Straight Face, Common Courage Press, 2005 A Disaster Foretold Archived April 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Sandinos Archived December 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Biography. See 1933 History of U.S. Violence around the globe Nicaragua: From Sandino to Chavez History of Somozas Archived November 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Dynasty in Nicaragua Latin American Studies Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Sandino and Somoza "El asalto de Somoza a los alemanes" (in Spanish). 6 January 2005. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-13. "The United States and the Founding of the United Nations..." U.S. Department of State. October 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-09. Leonard, Thomas M Luis. "Against all odds", U.S. policy and the 1963 Central America Summit Conference, 2003 Clemente Robertos Archived 2007-04-27 at the Wayback Machine Biography The Sandinistas and the Revolution Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine "Nicaraguan Rebels Free Hostages and Fly to Cuba". The New York Times. 31 December 1974. This section draws on information from: Library of Congress, Country Study, Chapter 1 >> "The End of the Anastasio Somoza Debayle Era"; and Ignatiev. Timeline of Archived 2006-04-26 at the Wayback Machine Nicaragua's history Background History Archived 2017-04-22 at the Wayback Machine of Nicaragua globalexchange.org Archived 2006-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Report on Nicaragua Smith, Wayne S., Lies About Nicaragua, Foreign Policy (Summer 1987) New York Times October 21, 1984 The Electoral Process in Nicaragua: Domestic and International Influences, Latin American Studies Organization Andrew, Christopher et al. The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World, Basic Books, September 20, 2005. "Nicaragua". Library of Congress Country Studies. Retrieved 2013-12-11. Hughes, J. M. "U.S. Policy In Central America: Time For Decisive Action". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 11 December 2013. Security at any Cost Archived 2007-02-14 at the Wayback Machine U.S. & Latin America in the 20th Century Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Schott, Jeffrey J.; Elliott, Kimberly (2007). Economic Sanctions Reconsidered. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics. p. 21. ISBN 9780881325362. Leogrande, William M (1996-06-01). "Making the economy scream: Us economic sanctions against Sandinista Nicaragua". Third World Quarterly. 17 (2): 329–348. doi:10.1080/01436599650035716. ISSN 0143-6597. LaRamee, Polakoff, Pierre, Erica (1999). Undermining of the Sandinista Revolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 141–205. Chomsky, Noam (1985). Turning the Tide. Boston, MA: South End Press. "US Policy: Economic Embargo: The War Goes On". Envío. Central American University – UCA. Retrieved 2007-08-21. Moore, John Norton (1987) The Secret War in Central America. University Publications of America. p. 143. ISBN 978-0890939611 Miranda, Roger and Ratliff, William (1993) The Civil War in Nicaragua. Transaction. p. 193. ISBN 9781412819688 "OAS Study Says Miskito Indians Suffered Abuse From Sandinistas". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-07-21. "Annual Report 1992–1993". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. 1993-03-12. Retrieved 2009-03-30. Truver, SC. "Mines and Underwater IEDs in U.S. Ports and Waterways..." (PDF). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-28. Retrieved 2007-08-21. Summary of the Order Archived 2007-11-07 at the Wayback Machine of the International Court of Justice of 10 May 1984 United Nations General Assembly Session 41 Resolution 31. Judgement of the International Court of Justice of 27 June 1986 concerning military and paramilitary activities in and against Nicaragua : need for immediate compliance A/RES/41/31 3 November 1986. Retrieved 11 December 2013. Morrison, Fred L. (January 1987). "Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion". American Journal of International Law. The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 81, No. 1. 81 (1): 160–166. doi:10.2307/2202146. JSTOR 2202146. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United States (Merits)" Case concerning Nicaragua v. USA Bibliography Oleg Ignatiev, "The Storm of Tiscapa", in Borovik and Ignatiev, The Agony of a Dictatorship. Progress Publishers, 1979; English translation, 1980. Covers the rebellion against Somoza. Library of Congress (United States), Country Study: Nicaragua, 1993. Andrés Pérez, "Nicaragua: History, social conflict, and missions for peace", in Gregory Wirick and Robert Miller (ed.s) Canada and Missions for Peace: Lessons from Nicaragua, Cambodia and Somalia. IDRC (Canada), 1998. The middle part of the document linked to is a good general history from about 1850 to the 1990s. Further reading See also: Bibliography of Nicaragua Belli, Gioconda. (2001). El País Bajo mi Piel Belli, Humberto. (1985). Breaking Faith: The Sandinista Revolution and Its Impact on Freedom and Christian Faith in Nicaragua. Crossway Books/The Puebla Institute. Bermudez, Enrique, The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis, Policy Review magazine, The Heritage Foundation, Summer 1988. Black, George. Triumph of the People: The Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua. London: Zed Press, 1981. Christian, Shirley. Nicaragua, Revolution In the Family. New York: Vintage Books, 1986. Cox, Jack. Requiem in the Tropics: Inside Central America. UCA Books, 1987. Diederich, Bernard. Somoza. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1981. Kagan, Robert (1996). Twilight Struggle: American Power and Nicaragua, 1977-1990. New York: The Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-874057-7. Kirkpatrick, Jean. Dictatorships and Double Standards. Touchstone, 1982. Knight, Charles, ed. (1866). "Republic of Nicaragua". Geography. English Cyclopaedia. Vol. 3. London: Bradbury, Evans, & Co. hdl:2027/nyp.33433000064802. Moore, John Norton, The Secret War in Central America: Sandinista Assault on World Order. University Publications of America, 1987. Sabin, Joseph, ed. (1881). "Nicaragua". Bibliotheca Americana. Vol. 13. New York. OCLC 13972268. Woodward, Ralph Lee. Nicaragua. Oxford, England; Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Press, 1994. External links Article discussing American media inaccurate polling in 1990 election International Court of Justice[permanent dead link] United Nations General Assembly resolution Article discussing history behind American funding of the Contra-rebels. This article was written in 1987. Independence of Nicaragua Information regarding Nicaragua prior to the revolution[permanent dead link] vte Nicaragua articles History Nicarao Spanish conquest Mexican rule (1822–1823) Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838) Mosquito Coast United States occupation (1912–1933) Somoza Dynasty (1936–1979) Sandinistas v. Contras Sandinista period (1979–1990) Post-Sandinista period (1990–) Geography Climate change Earthquakes Ecoregions Fauna Islands Lakes Mountains Municipalities Protected areas Rivers Volcanoes Water resources Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights Law enforcement Armed Forces National Assembly Political parties Politics President Territorial disputes Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Córdoba (currency) Economic history Energy Nicaragua Canal Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Demographics Education Ethnic groups Languages Health Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Cuisine Film Literature Music Mass media Museums National symbols Public holidays OutlineIndexBibliography Category Portal vte History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Category: History of Nicaragua

Director - David Cove 'Occupied Palestine', directed by David Cove, produced before the Palestinian uprising, highlights the testimonies of those who suffered from the Israeli occupation in 1981, as he interviewed Palestinian activists and ordinary people whose families were displaced from their villages and the families of students who were killed by the Israeli occupation forces - in addition to interviews with Israeli settlers.

The dark side of history: https://thememoryhole.substack.com/ Checkpoint Charlie (or "Checkpoint C") was the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War (1947–1991), as named by the Western Allies.[1] East German leader Walter Ulbricht agitated and maneuvered to get the Soviet Union's permission to construct the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop emigration and defection westward through the Border system, preventing escape across the city sector border from East Berlin into West Berlin. Checkpoint Charlie became a symbol of the Cold War, representing the separation of East and West. Soviet and American tanks briefly faced each other at the location during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. On 26 June 1963, U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited Checkpoint Charlie and looked from a platform onto the Berlin Wall and into East Berlin.[2] After the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc and the reunification of Germany, the American guard house at Checkpoint Charlie became a tourist attraction. It is now located in the Allied Museum in the Dahlem neighborhood of Berlin. Background Sign at Checkpoint Charlie on the way into West Berlin, as it appeared in 1981 Emigration restrictions, the Inner German border and Berlin Further information: Eastern Bloc emigration and defection and Inner German border By the early 1950s, the Soviet method of restricting emigration was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc, including East Germany.[3] However, in occupied Germany, until 1952, the lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones remained easily crossed in most places.[4] Subsequently, the inner German border between the two German states was closed and a barbed-wire fence erected. Even after closing of the inner German border officially in 1952,[5] the city sector border in between East Berlin and West Berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers.[4] Accordingly, Berlin became the main route by which East Germans left for the West.[6] Hence the Berlin sector border was essentially a "loophole" through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still escape.[5] The 3.5 million East Germans who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20% of the entire East German population.[7] The emigrants tended to be young and well educated.[8] The loss was disproportionately great among professionals — engineers, technicians, physicians, teachers, lawyers and skilled workers.[7] Berlin Wall constructed Main articles: Eastern Bloc emigration and defection and Berlin Wall The brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany that the resecuring of the Soviet imperial frontier was imperative.[9] Between 1949 and 1961, over 2½ million East Germans fled to the West.[10] The numbers increased during the three years before the Berlin Wall was erected,[10] with 144,000 in 1959, 199,000 in 1960 and 207,000 in the first seven months of 1961 alone.[10][11] The East German economy suffered accordingly.[11] On 13 August 1961, a barbed-wire barrier that would become the Berlin Wall separating East and West Berlin was erected by the East Germans.[9] Two days later, police and army engineers began to construct a more permanent concrete wall.[12] Along with the wall, the 830-mile (1336 km) zonal border became 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide on its East German side in some parts of Germany with a tall steel-mesh fence running along a "death strip" bordered by mines, as well as channels of ploughed earth, to slow escapees and more easily reveal their footprints.[13] Checkpoint Soviet Zone from Checkpoint Charlie observation post, 1982 Checkpoint Charlie was a crossing point in the Berlin Wall located at the junction of Friedrichstraße with Zimmerstraße and Mauerstraße (which for older historical reasons coincidentally means 'Wall Street'). It is in the Friedrichstadt neighborhood. Checkpoint Charlie was designated as the single crossing point (on foot or by car) for foreigners and members of the Allied forces. (Members of the Allied forces were not allowed to use the other sector crossing point designated for use by foreigners, the Friedrichstraße railway station).[citation needed] The name 'Charlie' came from the letter C in the NATO phonetic alphabet; similarly for other Allied checkpoints on the Autobahn from the West: Checkpoint Alpha at Helmstedt and its counterpart Checkpoint Bravo at Dreilinden, Wannsee in the south-west corner of Berlin. The Soviets simply called it the Friedrichstraße Crossing Point (КПП Фридрихштрассе, KPP Fridrikhshtrasse). The East Germans referred officially to Checkpoint Charlie as the Grenzübergangsstelle ("Border Crossing Point") Friedrich-/Zimmerstraße.[citation needed] As the most visible Berlin Wall checkpoint, Checkpoint Charlie was featured in movies[14] and books. A famous cafe and viewing place for Allied officials, armed forces and visitors alike, Cafe Adler ("Eagle Café"), was situated right on the checkpoint. The development of the infrastructure around the checkpoint was largely asymmetrical, reflecting the contrary priorities of East German and Western border authorities. During its 28-year active life, the infrastructure on the Eastern side was expanded to include not only the wall, watchtower and zig-zag barriers, but a multi-lane shed where cars and their occupants were checked. However, the Allied authority never erected any permanent buildings. A wooden shed used as the guard house was replaced during the 1980s by a larger metal structure, now displayed at the Allied Museum in western Berlin. Their reasoning was that they did not consider the inner Berlin sector boundary an international border and did not treat it as such.[citation needed] Related incidents Stand-off between Soviet and U.S. tanks in October 1961 Main article: Berlin Crisis of 1961 US M48 Patton tanks facing Soviet T-54 tanks at Checkpoint Charlie in October 1961 Soon after the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961, a stand-off occurred between US and Soviet tanks on either side of Checkpoint Charlie. It began on 22 October as a dispute over whether East German border guards were authorized to examine the travel documents of a US diplomat based in West Berlin named Allan Lightner heading to East Berlin to watch an opera show there, since according to the agreement between all four Allied powers occupying Germany, there was to be free movement for Allied forces in Berlin and that no German military forces from either West Germany or East Germany were to be based in the city, and moreover the Western Allies did not (initially) recognise the East German state and its right to remain in its self-declared capital of East Berlin. Instead, Allied forces only recognised the authority of the Soviets over East Berlin rather than their East German allies. By 27 October, ten Soviet and an equal number of American tanks stood 100 yards apart on either side of the checkpoint. This stand-off ended peacefully on 28 October following a US-Soviet understanding to withdraw tanks and reduce tensions. Discussions between US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and KGB[citation needed] spy Georgi Bolshakov played a vital role in realizing this tacit agreement.[15] Early escapes The Berlin Wall was erected with great speed by the East German government in 1961, but there were initially many means of escape that had not been anticipated. For example, Checkpoint Charlie was initially blocked only by a gate, and a citizen of the GDR (East Germany) smashed a car through it to escape, so a strong pole was erected. Another escapee approached the barrier in a convertible, the windscreen removed prior to the event, and slipped under the barrier. This was repeated two weeks later, so the East Germans duly lowered the barrier and added uprights.[16] Death of Peter Fechter On 17 August 1962, a teenaged East German, Peter Fechter, was shot in the pelvis by East German guards while trying to escape from East Berlin. His body lay tangled in a barbed wire fence as he bled to death in full view of the world's media. He could not be rescued from West Berlin because he was a few metres inside the Soviet sector. East German border guards were reluctant to approach him for fear of provoking Western soldiers, one of whom had shot an East German border guard just days earlier. More than an hour later, Fechter's body was removed by the East German guards. A spontaneous demonstration formed on the American side of the checkpoint, protesting against the action of the East and the inaction of the West.[17] A few days later, a crowd threw stones at Soviet buses driving towards the Soviet War Memorial, located in the Tiergarten in the British sector; the Soviets tried to escort the buses with armoured personnel carriers (APCs). Thereafter, the Soviets were only allowed to cross via the Sandkrug Bridge crossing (which was the nearest to Tiergarten) and were prohibited from bringing APCs. Western units were deployed in the middle of the night in early September with live armaments and vehicles, in order to enforce the ban.[citation needed] Today: Tourist and memorial site On the night of 9 November 1989 when a part of the Wall was opened Although the wall was opened in November 1989 and the checkpoint booth removed on 22 June 1990,[18] the checkpoint remained an official crossing for foreigners and diplomats until German reunification in October 1990. Checkpoint Charlie has since become one of Berlin's primary tourist attractions, where some original remnants of the border crossing blend with reconstructed parts, memorial and tourist facilities. The guard house on the American side was removed in 1990; it is now on display in the open-air museum of the Allied Museum in Berlin-Zehlendorf.[19] A copy of the guard house and the sign that once marked the border crossing was reconstructed later on roughly the same site. It resembles the first guard house erected during 1961, behind a sandbag barrier toward the border. Over the years this was replaced several times by guard houses of different sizes and layouts (see photographs). The one removed in 1990 was considerably larger than the first one and did not have sandbags. Tourists used to be able to have their photographs taken for a fee with actors dressed as allied military police standing in front of the guard house but Berlin authorities banned the practice in November 2019 stating the actors had been exploiting tourists by demanding money for photos at the attraction.[citation needed] The course of the former wall and border is now marked in the street with a line of cobblestones.[citation needed] Former Berlin Wall marker An open-air exhibition was opened during the summer of 2006. Gallery walls along Friedrichstraße and Zimmerstraße give information about escape attempts, how the checkpoint was expanded, and its significance during the Cold War, in particular the confrontation of Soviet and American tanks in 1961. Also, an overview of other important memorial sites and museums about the division of Germany and the wall is presented.[citation needed] Developers demolished the East German checkpoint watchtower in 2000, to make way for offices and shops. The watchtower was the last surviving major original Checkpoint Charlie structure. The city tried to save the tower but failed, as it was not classified as a historic landmark.[citation needed] Yet, that development project was never realised. To this day,[when?] the area between Zimmerstraße and Mauerstraße/Schützenstraße (the East German side of the border crossing) remains vacant, providing space for a number of temporary tourist and memorial uses. New plans since 2017 for a hotel on the site stirred a professional and political debate about appropriate development of the area. After the final listing of the site as a protected heritage area in 2018, plans were changed towards a more heritage-friendly approach.[20] BlackBox Cold War Exhibition The "BlackBox Cold War" exhibition has illuminated the division of Germany and Berlin since 2012. The free open-air exhibition offers original Berlin Wall segments and information about the historic site. However, the indoor exhibition (entrance fee required) illustrates Berlin's contemporary history with 16 media stations, a movie theatre and original objects and documents. It is run by the NGO Berliner Forum fuer Geschichte und Gegenwart e.V..[21] Checkpoint Charlie Museum Checkpoint Charlie Museum Near the location of the guard house is the Haus am Checkpoint Charlie. The "Mauermuseum - Museum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie" was opened on 14 June 1963[citation needed] in the immediate vicinity of the Berlin Wall. It shows photographs and fragments related to the separation of Germany. The border fortifications and the "assistance of the protecting powers" are illustrated. In addition to photos and documentation of successful escape attempts, the exhibition also showcases escape devices including a hot-air balloon, escape cars, chair lifts, and a mini-submarine. From October 2004 until July 2005, the Freedom Memorial, consisting of original wall segments and 1,067 commemorative crosses, stood on a leased site.[22][23] The museum is operated by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft 13. August e. V., a registered association founded by Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt. The director is Alexandra Hildebrandt, the founder's widow. The museum is housed in part in the "House at Checkpoint Charlie" building by architect Peter Eisenman.[citation needed] With 850,000 visitors in 2007, the Checkpoint Charlie Museum is one of the most visited museums in Berlin and in Germany.[24] In popular culture Checkpoint Charlie figures in numerous Cold War-era espionage and political novels and films. Some examples: James Bond (played by Roger Moore) passed through Checkpoint Charlie in the film Octopussy (1983) from West to East.[25] Checkpoint Charlie is featured in the opening scene of the 1965 film The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (starring Richard Burton and Claire Bloom), based on the John le Carré novel of the same name. In the feature film Bridge of Spies, imprisoned American student Frederic Pryor is released at Checkpoint Charlie as part of a deal to trade Pryor and U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers for convicted Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. Pryor's release happens offscreen while the trade of Powers for Abel takes place at the Glienicke Bridge. It was depicted in the opening scene of the film The Man from U.N.C.L.E (2015). The 1985 film Gotcha! includes a scene where the protagonist (Anthony Edwards) transits through Checkpoint Charlie into West Berlin. Elvis Costello mentions Checkpoint Charlie in his hit song "Oliver's Army".[26] See also List of tourist attractions in Berlin References "A brief history of Checkpoint Charlie". Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022. Andreas Daum, Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 134‒35. Dowty 1989, p. 114 Dowty 1989, p. 121 Harrison 2003, p. 99 Maddrell, Paul (2006). Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961. Oxford University Press. pp. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-926750-7. Dowty 1989, p. 122 Thackeray 2004, p. 188 Pearson 1998, p. 75 Gedmin, Jeffrey (1992). "The Dilemma of Legitimacy". The hidden hand: Gorbachev and the collapse of East Germany. AEI studies. Vol. 554. American Enterprise Institute. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8447-3794-2. Dowty 1989, p. 123 Dowty 1989, p. 124 Black et al. 2000, p. 141 Blau, Christine (6 November 2014). "Insider's Guide to Cold War Berlin". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2018. Kempe, Frederick (2011). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group (USA). pp. 478–479. ISBN 978-0-399-15729-5. Dearden, Lizzie (7 November 2014). "Berlin Wall: What You Need To Know About the Barrier That Divided East and West". The Independent. Archived from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2017. "Media battle ensues following the death of Peter Fechter". www.axelspringer.com. Retrieved 6 September 2023. "June 22, 1990: Checkpoint Charlie Closes". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2011. "Allied Museum Berlin". Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Eddy, Melissa (5 February 2019). "At Checkpoint Charlie, Cold War History Confronts Crass Commercialism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019. "Black Box Cold War". www.berlin.de. 25 May 2016. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019. "Berlin Council Targets 'Checkpoint Charlie' Memorial". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018. Checkpoint Charlie: Between Memorials and Snack Bars. In: Sites of Unity (Haus der Geschichte), 2022. "Museen in Berlin: Die Top Ten – 4. Platz 4: Mauermuseum - Haus am Checkpoint Charly". www.berlin.de. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017. "Bond's Border Crossing (Checkpoint Charlie) – James Bond Locations". www.jamesbondmm.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011. Elvis Costello – Oliver's Army, retrieved 7 January 2023 Sources Black, Cyril E.; English, Robert D.; Helmreich, Jonathan E.; McAdams, James A. (2000), Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II, Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-3664-3 Daum, Andreas, Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-85824-3. Dowty, Alan (1989), Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-04498-4 Dowty, Alan (1988), "The Assault on Freedom of Emigration", World Affairs, 151 (2) Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-09678-3 Pearson, Raymond (1998), The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-17407-1 Thackeray, Frank W. (2004), Events that changed Germany, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-32814-5

British journalist Richard Medhurst interviews Hamas spokesperson and former Palestinian Health Minister Dr. Basem Naim. The discussion focuses on Israel's war on Gaza, October 7, Israeli Hostages, Prisoner Exchange, Ceasefire Negotiations & More .. Hamas’ Spokesman Dr. Basem Naim: Israel is occupying force therefore, under international law, killing Jews is not a war crime. When Germany occupied Russia, killing German Civilians including Children on occupied territories, even in Germany, was not a war crime as, clearly stated in Nuremberg Documents. Good point here. .. THE BEST SOURCE OF THE INFO ON SPECIAL ANTI WOKE-GLOBALIST OPERATION IN UKRAINE AND ZIONIST ENTITY https://gab.com/dolbi2020/posts/108270521806960231 .. .. Brother Nathanael: Do To Jew What They Do To You https://rumble.com/v3xbpkd-brother-nathanael-do-to-jew-what-they-do-to-you.html .. .. SOURCE https://rumble.com/v3x9gm7-hamas-interview-full-on-gaza-war-october-7-hostage-exchange-and-more.html BONUS ISRAEL just MURDERED two whole families in a BOMBING on Khan Yunis. X3 https://twitter.com/jacksonhinklle/status/1728152130798956608 .. ISRAELI soldier has a MENTAL BREAKDOWN over fighting Hamas "I want to leave this country!" https://twitter.com/jacksonhinklle/status/1727830897964269984

Israel is now seeking to expand the scope of its genocidal campaign against Palestinians to the occupied West Bank as well. It's as if not enough Palestinian blood has been shed in the Gaza Strip, where nearly 41,000 people have been killed in about 11 months. The regime was already setting new records in the occupied territories with the number of people killed, number of abductions, and number of approved illegal settlements among many other crimes. But now, enjoying the inaction of the international community, particularly many Arab and Muslim countries, the occupying regime seems to be setting its sights on all of the Palestinian territory, especially the holy sites in al-Quds. A vicious campaign that this week saw a dramatic escalation. That's what we'll be discussing in this edition of Press TV’s Spotlight. Press TV’s website can also be accessed at the following alternate addresses: www.presstv.co.uk

ynagogues selling land in illegally-occupied Palestine

On this edition of Rabbit Hole Radio Popeye dives into the ongoing situation in Gaza between the Palestinians and Israel. First he covers the ongoing slaughter in Palestine by Israel. This has been an ongoing subject he has been discussing on the broadcast. The first video he plays is a clip from an interview journalist Amy Goodman did with a former Israeli Minister who explains how they use the term antisemitism to label and silence any critics of their actions. He then covers the story of Rachel Corrie. An American Citizen and activist who was killed by an IDF bulldozer on March 16th 2003. He then plays a re-mastered presentation he did 10 years ago covering the genocide occurring in Gaza and the occupied territories. The beginning part of the presentation shows two holocaust survivors who take the government and it’s supporters in Israel, and Zionism itself to the woodshed. Then you will hear from two former IDF (Israeli Defense Forces) Soldiers who expose the reality of the occupation of Palestine, what those people face on a daily basis, the dehumanization of it’s people, and more. In the second part of the presentation Popeye covers mind control, and how society is controlled on a mass scale. You will hear how TV, and sports are used to control society; and a rare interview from 1985 with former KGB agent Yuri Bezmenov. He explains the 4 basic steps to socially engineering entire generations into thinking and behaving the way those in power want them to. It’s shocking because our nation has been transformed in the exact same way, and followed the exact same steps.

U.S. Votes Against World As UN Condemns Israel's Illegal Settlements In Occupied Palestine and Syria Nov. 16, 2023 ISRAEL IMPERIALISM - FOLLOW THE MONEY Geopolitical Economy Report The United States and Canada voted against countries representing more than 90 percent of the world population at the United Nations General Assembly. In resolutions condemning Israel's illegal occupation of Palestinian and Syrian territory. Our related report on the US voting against a UNGA resolution calling for peace in Gaza: https://youtube.com/watch?v=Vph4YDi17Ps Our video on the United States vetoing UN Security Council resolutions on Gaza: https://youtube.com/watch?v=rgD7pweEgG8 Original: https://youtu.be/daKuVX1eQSM #LandStealing #Oil #StealingResources #Profits #Resources #WealthTransfer #GreatReset #Plandemic #USDollarCollapse Please consider supporting us at https://GeopoliticalEconomy.com/Support = - Geopolitical Economy Report - Please consider supporting us at https://GeopoliticalEconomy.com/Support Patreon: https://Patreon.com/GeopoliticalEconomy Podcast: https://soundcloud.com/GeopoliticalEconomy Newsletter: https://GeopoliticalEconomy.Substack.com

#EyesOnJesus #TheCultOfZionism #Matthew10 GiveSendGo For Humanitarian Assistance: https://www.givesendgo.com/BardsNationGivesBack Bards Nation Health Store: https://www.bardsnationhealth.com Support Pete Chambers' Team: https://theremnantministrytx.org Support Dennis Price's Team: https://heroes4humanity.us/ NC Rescue GiveSendG0: https://www.givesendgo.com/weloveWNC BIRCH GOLD Infokit: >>>Text BARDS to 989898 Mission Darkness Faraday Bags and RF Shielding. Promo code BARDS at https://mosequipment.com/?ref=Bards EMPShield protect your vehicles and home. Promo code BARDS - https://www.empshield.com/ MYPillow promo code: BARDS Go to https://www.mypillow.com/bards and use the promo code BARDS or... Call 1-800-975-2939. Founders Bible 20% discount code: BARDS >>> https://thefoundersbible.com/#ordernow EMF Solutions to keep your home safe: https://www.emfsol.com/?aff=bards Treadlite Broadforks...best garden tool EVER. Promo code BARDS: Click here DONATE: https://store.bardsnation.com/donate/ Mailing Address: Xpedition Cafe Attn. Scott Kesterson 591 E Central Ave, #740 Mailing Address: Xpedition Cafe Attn. Scott Kesterson 591 E Central Ave, #740 Sutherlin, OR 97479#HurricaneHelene #ThereAreNoRules #TimeToChoose BIRCH GOLD Infokit: >>>Text BARDS to 989898 Mission Darkness Faraday Bags and RF Shielding. Promo code BARDS at https://mosequipment.com/?ref=Bards EMPShield protect your vehicles and home. Promo code BARDS - https://www.empshield.com/ MYPillow promo code: BARDS Go to https://www.mypillow.com/bards and use the promo code BARDS or... Call 1-800-975-2939. Founders Bible 20% discount code: BARDS >>> https://thefoundersbible.com/#ordernow EMF Solutions to keep your home safe: https://www.emfsol.com/?aff=bards Treadlite Broadforks...best garden tool EVER. Promo code BARDS: Click here DONATE: https://store.bardsnation.com/donate/ Mailing Address: Xpedition Cafe Attn. Scott Kesterson 591 E Central Ave, #740 Mailing Address: Xpedition Cafe Attn. Scott Kesterson 591 E Central Ave, #740 Sutherlin, OR 97479

Francesca Albanese, UN Special Rapporteur on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, meets the press

How We Can Defeat Our Zionist Occupied Governments. SonOfEnos 3-12-2024 - How We Can Defeat Our Zionist Occupied Governments of the JEW WORLD ORDER - March 12, 2024 SonOfEnos - They've gone too far, and now their lawlessness have left them vulnerable to the perfect take down by We The People. This is absolutely fool-proof, so if you want to learn how we can defeat our ZOG, then you're not going to want to miss this report. - Horrible Jewish Snuff channel on Telegramhttps://t.me/dead_terrorists - FAIR USE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES - Mirrored From: https://rumble.com/user/SonOfEnos

Former CIA Analyst Says Global Elite View America as Occupied Territory of the Global Empire - American Citizens have been Declared Enemies of the State and a Foreign Occupation. Of course the Globalists share that view... - America could resolve the Illegal Immigration Crisis by EXITING THE UNITED NATIONS - March 25th, 2024 The New American - Wayne Allensworth, a CIA analyst for more than 30 years, has noted that “A subversive, anti-American ruling elite has replaced America’s old governing system and that this successor system treats America as an occupied zone of a global empire.” If we consider the U.S. government’s suicidal fiscal and border policies from this point of view, then they all make sense. - Also discussed in today’s episode: - @11:01| Another spending bill has sailed through the House of Representatives and onto Biden’s desk, but this one made it with majority Democrat support, despite the Republican majority in the House. - @22:25| Over the weekend, the Biden Regime announced the launch of the National Extreme Risk Protection Order Resource Center, another attempt to infringe on our Second Amendment rights. - @33:35| Longtime TNA senior editor William F. Jasper discusses how severing ties with the UN may help with our border crisis. - RELATED - Read “Invasion USA — Globalist Summit Wants to Spur More Mass Migration.”https://thenewamerican.com/world-news/invasion-usa-globalist-summit-wants-to-spur-more-mass-migration/ - Read “Biden’s DOJ Opens Door to National Red Flag Law.”https://thenewamerican.com/us/bidens-doj-opens-door-to-national-red-flag-law/ - Watch “Eerie Parallels Between Marxist Coup in Brazil & Democrat Schemes in US.”https://thenewamerican.com/video/eerie-parallels-between-marxist-coup-in-brazil-democrat-schemes-in-us/ - Click HERE to take action with the JBS’s alert to “Get US Out! of the UN — Support the Defund Act.”https://jbs.org/alert/get-us-out-of-the-un/ - FAIR USE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES - Mirrored From: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/thenewamerican/

Occupied America

Occupied America Narration by just a normal patriot Retired US Army Ranger RLTW

The Israel-Palestine conflict- Daily life in occupied

Israeli forces buried Palestinians alive in occupied Gaza witnesses say.

Jewish settlers step up violent attacks on Palestinians in occupied West Bank | BBC News #BBCNews Allies of Israel have condemned a sharp rise in attacks by armed Jewish settlers on Palestinian civilians in the West Bank. Religious jews in illegal settlements on territory that is occupied by Israel claim the land was given to them by God. The war in Gaza has led to an intensification of violence in the West Bank, with the heavily-armed settlers attacking Palestinian communities. Palestinians say the settlers have been armed by Israel and are protected by Israeli soldiers. The settlers leaders claim they are protecting themselves. Reeta Chakrabarti presents BBC News at Ten reporting by Jeremy Bowen.

Farewell to Martyr Diaa Dweikat Jenin bids farewell to Diaa Dweikat, an exemplary young Palestinian man, who sacrificed his life for the freedom of his homeland. FPTV reports from Jenin, West Bank, occupied Palestine. Reporting: Ayoob Saad Saeed Yamak Filmed: 15/09/2024 Donate/Watch/Share elsewhere👇 https://FreePalestine.Video

66.539 weergaven 23 feb 2024 #Palestine #settlers Poet and writer Mohammed el Kurd and his twin sister Muna became globally famous in 2021 when the Israeli state tried to evict them from their home in Sheikh Jarrah, Occupied East Jerusalem. Mohammed speaks to TRT World and sheds light on how Israeli settlers have used religion and the power of the state behind them to displace indigenous Palestinians. #MohammedElKurd #Palestine #settlers Chapters: 00:00 - 00:13: Growing Up in Occupied Palestine and Creative Writing 00:13 - 01:58: Visit to the UK and Pro-Palestinian Activism 01:58 - 03:39: Earliest Memories of Life in Occupied Palestine 03:39 - 06:09: The 2009 Settler Invasion of Mohammed's House 06:09 - 08:34: The Role of Creativity in the Struggle for Justice 08:34 - 12:35: The Concept of the Perfect Victim and Mainstream Media Coverage 12:35 - 17:04: True Justice and Liberation for Palestine 17:04 - 17:46: Final Thoughts and Reflections on the Losses in Gaza

Alexey Nikulin, a citizen of the Primorsky district of Mariupol, told the militants of the “Azov” battalion occupied the houses of civilians and placed weapons and equipment in the courtyards of residential buildings: — They (“Azov”) fired from a mortar… The National Guard is not fighting. Moreover, there are prerequisites that the National Guard and “Azov” failed to share something. They say that the National Guard wants to surrender, but “Azov” doesn’t. — So, it was “Azov” who fired the mortar? — Most likely, because those people are from Western Ukraine, and the National Guard are mostly local, roughly speaking. They (“Azov”) occupied a private house. The owner came later, they told her to get out of here. They put a mortar in the garden and just fired. Towards Mangush.

Occupied Palestine

Video shows the preparation of the missiles that were launched against the occupied Palestine during the 'Operation True Promise 2'. #Iran #OperationTruePromiseII @PressTV

Explainer: The impact of Israel’s ban on UNRWA operations in occupied Palestinian areas. #Explainer

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Iyad Hamdan's home destroyed by Zionist savages The Genocidal Zionist Apartheid Colony regularly sends its gangs of criminal savages to destroy the homes of the citizens of Jenin, who remain steadfast, despite all adversity. Iyad Hamdan talks about the nightmare his family has been facing. FPTV reports from the West Bank, occupied Palestine. Reporting: Obada Tahayna Filmed: 15/09/2024 Donate/Watch/Share elsewhere👇 https://FreePalestine.Video

Long before the first Intifada drew international media to focus on Palestinian life under Israeli rule, David Koff produced this in-depth portrait of the daily conflict being waged in Israel/Palestine. It was recently rediscovered. With a combination of candid interviews and remarkable historic footage, Occupied Palestine unpicks the strategic and ideological motors of Israeli rule in Palestine, powerfully depicting that the roots of today's crises were firmly planted in the ground decades ago. Met with bomb threats and censorship on its initial release in the US in 1981, Occupied Palestine remains a singular work of engaged filmmaking and a unique record of an overlooked chapter in the course of the conflict.

Women Israeli soldiers talking about abuse in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Originally archived 7th August 2016

During the Great Patriotic War parts of Soviet Ukraine were occupied by the Nazis & their cronies in 1941-1944. Over 180 concentration camps and 400 ghettos were established on the occupied territory. In Baby Yar alone over 150'000 civilians were killed by the fascists and collaborators. The liberation of the Soviet Ukraine was a massive effort of the entire nation - over 3 mln Red Army soldiers and officers gave their lives to free their brethren. Today in Ukraine the Nazis and their fascist nationalist minions are hailed as "heroes". Torch marches mirroring those under the Third Reich are a common occurrence, that receives state support. The cult of Bandera, Shukhevych and other war criminals is an integral part of modern Ukrainian education system. Neo-Nazism has been on the rise for a long time now, to which some of our partners from the “collective West” turn a blind eye, and thus actually encourage their activities. At the same time, the use of Russian language is all but forbidden.

'KEEP LOOKING UP', Islamic Resistance in Lebanon (Hizbullah) message to Genocidal Zionist Apartheid Colony, occupied Palestine Dated: 02/11/2024 Donate for translation: https://FreePalestine.video

A senior Palestinian lady looks on helplessly as her house in the occupied Naqab is demolished by Israeli occupation forces. Today, Israeli forces plan to raze 47 houses, marking the most significant demolition operation in recent years. #Palestine @PressTV

Footage shows Baha Abu Ras, a mobile phone shop owner in the occupied West Bank, being used as a human shield by an Israeli soldier during a military raid.

Tears Of The Children Of The Occupied Territory

Settlers Atrocities in the occupied territory

US activist shot dead in occupied West Bank A 26-year-old American woman has been shot dead in the occupied West Bank during a protest on Friday. Aysenur Ezgi Eygi, who is also a Turkish citizen, is reported to have been taking part in a protest against Jewish settlement expansion in the town of Beita near Nablus. Ms Ezgi Eygi was allegedly shot by Israeli troops, according to local media reports. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) say they "responded with fire toward a main instigator of violent activity who hurled rocks at the forces and posed a threat to them" in the Beita area. US State Department spokesman Matthew Miller, who confirmed Ms Ezgi Eygi's identity, said Washington is "urgently gathering more information about the circumstances of her death and will have more to say as we learn more".

Derek Johnson: 📢📢: Join us in Telegram: https://t.me/DerekJohnsonOfficialUS Derek Johnson BIG Intel Nov 9: "Occupied America Coming To An End | Laws And Orders"

Ep 435 Mexican Cartels Have Occupied US Land! Criminal Animals! | The Nunn Report w/ Dan Nunn Show Links: https://humanevents.com/2024/05/14/funds-for-ukraine-war-diverted-to-fake-companies-report?utm_campaign=64483 https://www.theepochtimes.com/us/goldman-ceo-issues-warning-as-interest-costs-on-americas-ballooning-debt-exceed-spending-on-defence-medicare-5649315 Please follow free on Rumble for all content The Nunn Report brings you your regular dose of: Truth, Freedom, and a Little Bit of Weirdness from an America First & Constitutional Conservative perspective on today’s current events and more. Join The Nunn Report on all socials @thenunnreport “except TikTok because I don’t so that commie BS” and Twitter which is @nunnreport (no "the") Website: https://thenunnreport.com Daily Video with Weekly Guests: https://rumble.com/thenunnreport Check out the “Clips” channel for summaries of daily show with “The Nunn Better Take of The Day” and more at: https://rumble.com.thenunnreportclips Exclusive content on Locals at: https://thenunnreport.locals.com Please subscribe to podcast at: iTunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-nunn-report-w-dan-nunn/id1661557754 SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/thenunnreport Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1lYYMwbPDmmBOn9AXn2jYj iHeart: https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-the-nunn-report-w-dan-nunn-106492726/

Enemy Occupied Government https://rumble.com/v58va0a-enemy-occupied-government.html

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Occupied America

Islamic Resistance in Lebanon (Hizbullah) striking the Haifa naval base of the Zionist enemy army with attack drones, occupied Palestine Dated: 10/11/2024 Donate for translation: https://FreePalestine.video

In this gripping video, we delve into the recent devastating attack on Donetsk in Russian-occupied Ukraine. Based on news reports, we provide you with an in-depth analysis of the events that took place. Brace yourself for potentially graphic content that sheds light on this harrowing incident. Join us as we explore the facts, causes, and implications surrounding this heart-wrenching tragedy. Remember to like and share this video to spread awareness!

A Palestinian journalist was hospitalised after Israeli forces beat him in occupied East Jerusalem on Friday while he was covering a group of people preparing to pray. Mostafa Alkharouf, a photojournalist working for the Anadolu Agency, was seen pinned to the ground by an officer while another one kicked him repeatedly. He suffered injuries to his face and body, and was later taken to the Makassed Hospital for treatment, Anadolu Agency said. Another cameraman and Middle East Eye contributor Faiz Abu Ramila was also assaulted by Israeli forces in the same incident. INSTALL ADD BLOCKING DEFADS AI APP-NOMORE ADDS ON PHONE. https://bit.ly/3LxN1TP WIN SAMSUNG A53 https:https://bit.ly/3RpKI9f FLAT BELLY FIX=https://bit.ly/48n6MXS FREE TRAINING MONEY ONLINE-https://bit.ly/44W6Hrh

Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades (Fatah) striking a Zionist vehicle with an explosive device and a barrage of gunfire on the main street of Nour Shams camp, Tulkarm, West Bank, occupied Palestine Dated: 11/11/2024 Donate for translation: https://FreePalestine.video

Israeli bulldozer targets TRT World reporter in occupied West Bank In shocking footage from Jenin in the occupied West Bank, TRT World reporter Faten Elwan faces a terrifying encounter with an Israeli bulldozer. As she reports on the ground, the bulldozer appears to intentionally steer toward her, attempting to intimidate and silence her. Despite the threat, Faten Elwan stands her ground with remarkable courage. This incident underscores the dangers journalists face while reporting in conflict zones.

Israel Votes to BAN UNRWA From Occupied Territories

Massacre of Women Mourners by Genocidal Zionist Army The Genocidal Zionist Apartheid Colony sent its criminal death squads to massacre defenceless women attending a mourning in the village of Anza, occupied West Bank, Palestine. FPTV interviewed locals who witnessed the crime. Report: Obada Tahayna Filmed: 26/09/2024 Donate/Watch/Share elsewhere👇 https://FreePalestine.Video