ProVaticanus

SS. Martinus PP. V convocavit Concilium Basiliense (1 Feb. 1431 A.D.) http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705816115051495425/ Basel had been designated as the place for this ecumenical council by the abortive council of Pavia -- Siena (1423-1424). It was opened on 25 July 1431 by the papal legate, who had been appointed by Pope Martin V in two bulls dated 1 February 1431, Dum onus universalis gregis and Nuper siquidem cupientes shortly before the pope's death on 20 February 1431. A great part of the council's work in the early years was taken up with its quarrel with Pope Eugenius IV, who was accused of wishing to dissolve or transfer the council. The prospect of re-union with the eastern church provided an opportunity to transfer the council to another city. This move was supported by the council fathers loyal to the pope, who however were in a minority, and in the 25th session they voted for the city of Ferrara. There the council was re-opened on 8 January 1438, Pope Eugenius IV later attending in person. Some historians doubt the ecumenicity of the first 25 sessions at Basel. All agree that the sessions held at Basel after the 25th session until the final one on 25 April 1449 cannot be regarded as sessions of an ecumenical council. The Greek bishops and theologians attended the council of Ferrara from 9 April 1438. The council was transferred to Florence on 10 January 1439. There, in the session on 6 July 1439, the decree of union with the Greek church was approved. Subsequently decrees of union with the Armenian and Coptic churches were approved. Finally the council was transferred to Rome on 24 February 1443. There other decrees of union with the Bosnians, the Syrians and finally with the Chaldeans and Maronites of Cyprus, were approved. The last session of the council was held on 7 August 1445. The decisions taken at Basel have the form of conciliar decrees. Those taken at Ferrara, Florence and Rome are almost always in the form of bulls, since the pope was presiding in person; in these cases the decree mentions the council's approval and contains the words "in a solemnly celebrated general session of the synod". #MartinV #ArtBasel #NFT http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus

Aestivate per Depostatum Epiri ad majorem gloriam XP+SPQR #Ήπειρος NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705813916028239873/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Το Δεσποτάτο της Ηπείρου ήταν ένα από τα κράτη που προέκυψαν από τη διάλυση της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας μετά την Δ΄ Σταυροφορία το 1204. Το Δεσποτάτο της Ηπείρου, μαζί με την Αυτοκρατορία της Νίκαιας και την Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας, ήταν η νόμιμη ελληνική συνέχεια της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας. Αρχικά περιείχε τα εδάφη της Ηπείρου και της Αιτωλοακαρνανίας, όμως γρήγορα επεκτάθηκε στα Επτάνησα καθώς και σε σημαντικά τμήματα της Αλβανίας, της Θεσσαλίας, της Μακεδονίας και της Θράκης. Από τα μέσα του 13ου αιώνα άρχισε να συρρικνώνεται στα αρχικά του όρια, ενώ κατά διαστήματα υποτάχθηκε στους Σέρβους και στο κράτος της Νίκαιας. Στα μέσα του 15ου αιώνα κατακτήθηκε από τους Οθωμανούς. Με έδρα την Άρτα και αργότερα τα Ιωάννινα, διοικήθηκε διαδοχικά από Βυζαντινούς, Σέρβους και Ιταλούς ηγεμόνες. Η φεουδαλική υπόσταση του κράτους οδήγησε συχνά τους ηγέτες του σε μία σειρά συμμαχιών, επιγαμιών και συγκρούσεων, με Φράγκους, Ιταλούς, Σέρβους, Βουλγάρους, Βυζαντινούς ηγεμόνες του κράτους της Νίκαιας, καθώς και με Αλβανούς και Βλάχους φυλάρχους. Despotatus Epiri fuit una e civitatibus Graecis, quae in territorio antea Imperii Romani Orientalis post quartam expeditionem sacram anno 1204 ortae sunt. Civitas finibus alternis usque ad saeculum decimum quartum exeuntem exstabat. Regiones principales erant Epirus, quae regio civitati nomen dedit, et Acarnania. Civitati continuae cum potentiis regionalibus pugnae erant gerendae, primo cum Bulgaris et Imperio Byzantino, quod rursus corroboratum est, postea cum Regno Neapolitano et Imperio Serbico, quae omnia Epirum ad imperium eorum adiungere studebant. In plura dominia dilapsus Epirus inter anno 1386-1449 gradatim in Imperium Ottomanicum insertus est. Appellatio "Despotatus Epiri" fontibus illius temporis non adhibetur, nam despota ordinem in aulae byzantinae hierarchia denotat. Epirus autem semper autonomus ab Imperium Nicaeum sive ab Imperium Romanum restitutum fuit. Plerumque principes se Archontes aut simpliciter Kyrioi nominabant. Nihilo minus quidam Epiri principes post annum 1230 ab imperator byzantino titulo despotae ornati sunt. The Despotate of Epirus (Medieval Greek: Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου) was one of the Greek successor states of the Roman-Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Roman-Byzantine Empire, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond, its rulers briefly proclaiming themselves as Emperors in 1227–1242 (during which it is most often called the Empire of Thessalonica). The term "Despotate of Epirus" is, like (Roman) "Byzantine Empire" itself, a modern historiographic convention and not a name in use at the time. The Despotate was centred on the region of Epirus, encompassing also Albania and the western portion of Greek Macedonia and also included Thessaly and western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos. Through a policy of aggressive expansion under Theodore Komnenos Doukas the Despotate of Epirus also briefly came to incorporate central Macedonia, with the establishment of the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224, and Thrace as far east as Didymoteicho and Adrianopolis, and was on the verge of recapturing Constantinople and restoring the Roman-Byzantine Empire before the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230 where he was defeated by the Bulgarian Empire. After that, the Epirote state contracted to its core in Epirus and Thessaly, and was forced into vassalage to other regional powers. It nevertheless managed to retain its autonomy until being conquered by the restored Palaiologan Roman-Byzantine Empire in ca. 1337. In the 1410s, the Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Carlo I Tocco managed to reunite the core of the Epirote state, but his successors gradually lost it to the advancing Ottoman Empire, with the last stronghold, Vonitsa, falling to the Ottomans in 1479. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "𝐇𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐔𝐓 𝖮𝖿𝖿𝗂𝖼𝗂𝖺𝗅 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙" et "M.I.K.E. Push" pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpQHdQxCU5A #Epirus #RomanEmpire #Orthodoxy #RomanReigns #XP #SPQR #Roma #Greek #Albania #Catholic #Roma #Citadel #DespotateofEpirus #Tocco #Byzantine #RomanState #Politics #EasternRomanHistory #Christianity #Rump #SheIsBack #Romance http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Τὸ Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου - Despotatus Epiri #EDU Το Δεσποτάτο της Ηπείρου ήταν ένα από τα κράτη που προέκυψαν από τη διάλυση της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας μετά την Δ΄ Σταυροφορία το 1204. Το Δεσποτάτο της Ηπείρου, μαζί με την Αυτοκρατορία της Νίκαιας και την Αυτοκρατορία της Τραπεζούντας, ήταν η νόμιμη ελληνική συνέχεια της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας. Αρχικά περιείχε τα εδάφη της Ηπείρου και της Αιτωλοακαρνανίας, όμως γρήγορα επεκτάθηκε στα Επτάνησα καθώς και σε σημαντικά τμήματα της Αλβανίας, της Θεσσαλίας, της Μακεδονίας και της Θράκης. Από τα μέσα του 13ου αιώνα άρχισε να συρρικνώνεται στα αρχικά του όρια, ενώ κατά διαστήματα υποτάχθηκε στους Σέρβους και στο κράτος της Νίκαιας. Στα μέσα του 15ου αιώνα κατακτήθηκε από τους Οθωμανούς. Με έδρα την Άρτα και αργότερα τα Ιωάννινα, διοικήθηκε διαδοχικά από Βυζαντινούς, Σέρβους και Ιταλούς ηγεμόνες. Η φεουδαλική υπόσταση του κράτους οδήγησε συχνά τους ηγέτες του σε μία σειρά συμμαχιών, επιγαμιών και συγκρούσεων, με Φράγκους, Ιταλούς, Σέρβους, Βουλγάρους, Βυζαντινούς ηγεμόνες του κράτους της Νίκαιας, καθώς και με Αλβανούς και Βλάχους φυλάρχους. Despotatus Epiri fuit una e civitatibus Graecis, quae in territorio antea Imperii Romani Orientalis post quartam expeditionem sacram anno 1204 ortae sunt. Civitas finibus alternis usque ad saeculum decimum quartum exeuntem exstabat. Regiones principales erant Epirus, quae regio civitati nomen dedit, et Acarnania. Civitati continuae cum potentiis regionalibus pugnae erant gerendae, primo cum Bulgaris et Imperio Byzantino, quod rursus corroboratum est, postea cum Regno Neapolitano et Imperio Serbico, quae omnia Epirum ad imperium eorum adiungere studebant. In plura dominia dilapsus Epirus inter anno 1386-1449 gradatim in Imperium Ottomanicum insertus est. Appellatio "Despotatus Epiri" fontibus illius temporis non adhibetur, nam despota ordinem in aulae byzantinae hierarchia denotat. Epirus autem semper autonomus ab Imperium Nicaeum sive ab Imperium Romanum restitutum fuit. Plerumque principes se Archontes aut simpliciter Kyrioi nominabant. Nihilo minus quidam Epiri principes post annum 1230 ab imperator byzantino titulo despotae ornati sunt. The Despotate of Epirus (Medieval Greek: Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου) was one of the Greek successor states of the Roman-Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Roman-Byzantine Empire, along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond, its rulers briefly proclaiming themselves as Emperors in 1227–1242 (during which it is most often called the Empire of Thessalonica). The term "Despotate of Epirus" is, like (Roman) "Byzantine Empire" itself, a modern historiographic convention and not a name in use at the time. The Despotate was centred on the region of Epirus, encompassing also Albania and the western portion of Greek Macedonia and also included Thessaly and western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos. Through a policy of aggressive expansion under Theodore Komnenos Doukas the Despotate of Epirus also briefly came to incorporate central Macedonia, with the establishment of the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224, and Thrace as far east as Didymoteicho and Adrianopolis, and was on the verge of recapturing Constantinople and restoring the Roman-Byzantine Empire before the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230 where he was defeated by the Bulgarian Empire. After that, the Epirote state contracted to its core in Epirus and Thessaly, and was forced into vassalage to other regional powers. It nevertheless managed to retain its autonomy until being conquered by the restored Palaiologan Roman-Byzantine Empire in ca. 1337. In the 1410s, the Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Carlo I Tocco managed to reunite the core of the Epirote state, but his successors gradually lost it to the advancing Ottoman Empire, with the last stronghold, Vonitsa, falling to the Ottomans in 1479. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "Motokishita" pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7m55VA7yFPQ #Epirus #RomanEmpire http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Ο Κωνσταντίνος Παλαιολόγος (γιος Ανδρέα) Ο Διοικητής της φρουράς του Πάπα Ιουλίου Β΄ NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705812816516612097/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Ο Κωνσταντίνος Παλαιολόγος ήταν βυζαντινής καταγωγής ευγενής του Παπικού κράτους και πρίγκιπας της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας και Αυτοκράτορας των Ρωμαίων (1512-1543), τιτουλάριος εφόσον η αυτοκρατορία δεν υφίσταται. Ήταν γιος του Ανδρέα Παλαιολόγου, τιτουλάριου βυζαντινού αυτοκράτορα και της Αικατερίνης, ή της δεύτερης γυναίκας του πατέρα του, βυζαντινής καταγωγής λαϊκή, είχε μία αδελφή την Μαρία. Ο Κωνσταντίνος που είχε γεννηθεί στην Ιταλία, πιθανότατα στην Ρώμη και στο Παπικό κράτος, υπηρέτησε ως στρατιωτικός στην προσωπική φρουρά του πάπα κι αργότερα, αναφέρεται από το 1508, έγινε και διοικητής της φρουράς. Πέθανε γύρω στο 1543, άγνωστο εάν παντρεύτηκε ή αν είχε απογόνους. Constantine Palaiologos was of Byzantine-Roman origin, a noble of the Papal State and a prince of the Byzantine-Roman Empire and Emperor of the Romans (1512-1543), titular since the empire did not exist. He was the son of Andreas Palaiologos , titular Byzantine-Roman emperor and Catherine, or his father's second wife , a laywoman of Byzantine-Roman origin, he had one sister Maria . Constantine, who was born in Italy, probably in Rome and in the Papal State, served as a soldier in the personal guard of the pope and later, it is mentioned from 1508 , he also became commander of the guard. He died about 1543, unknown if he married or had issue. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Peiroten pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hP5uEhNHe0 #TheLastRoman #PapalGuard #ConstantinePalaiologos http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Titvlvs Patricivs Romanorvm datvs est Pippino a SS. Stephano II P.M. (28 Iul. 754 A.D.) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705811717004984321/ July 28, 754 – Pope Stephen II re-consecrates Pepin III (the Short) as king of the Franks, at the Basilica of Saint-Denis outside Paris, bestowing upon him the additional title of Patricius of the Romans. This marks the first recorded crowning of a civil ruler by a pope. Pepin assumes the role of ordained protector of the Catholic Church. PATRICIUS ROMANORUM Patrician of the Romans, an honorary title instituted by Emperor constantine i (306–37) as a personal distinction for his principal juridical and military officers. The emperors of the fifth and sixth centuries conferred it, with other honors such as the consulate, upon barbarian chieftains, as well as upon high imperial officials; individual kings of the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, and Burgundians all held the title. The patriciate remained honorific. In the West, it survived the imperial collapse of the seventh and eighth centuries only in Italy, where the fact that the effective imperial representative, the exarch of ravenna, was also patricius gave the title genuine political content. After the lombards suppressed the exarchate in the eighth century, the patriciate assumed a new character, which it retained until its extinction. In their search for a ruler to assume the duties of defense that the exarchs had formerly owed to the bishops of Rome, the popes of the late eighth century granted the patriciate to their chosen defenders, the Frankish kings. Pope stephen ii conferred the title upon pepin iii the Short and his sons charlemagne and carloman in 754, when he also anointed and crowned them as kings of the Franks, specifically designating them as protectors of the Roman Church. In 781 Charlemagne likewise saw Pope adrian i anoint and crown his sons Pepin and Louis as kings and proclaim them patricii. The title thus came to be an ancillary distinction of the Frankish kings peculiarly expressive of their political and military obligations in Italy, and after the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor (800), it became an attribute of the imperial office itself. Some scholars have maintained that in bestowing the patriciate, Stephen II and Adrian I deliberately usurped prerogatives of the Byzantine emperors and moved to adapt to papal direction what had been the most powerful imperial office in Italy. The patriciate, however, retained the institutional independence of papal authority that it had held in the time of the exarchate, and, though it was frequently bestowed by medieval popes to secure temporal defenders, it was also assumed in other ways by persons hostile to the papacy. Thus, heads of the great Roman family the crescentii, claimed the patriciate by popular election late in the tenth century, and turned the official powers they attributed to the office toward undermining the alliance between the papacy and the Ottonian rulers at the same time that the emperors themselves used the title "by apostolic benediction." Likewise, Emperor Henry IV, who wore the golden circlet of the patricius at least as early as 1061, commanded Pope Gregory VII to descend from the throne of St. Peter by virtue of the patriciate he held "through the bestowal of God and the sworn assent of the Romans" (1076). Still, because of its close association with papal prerogatives, the insurgent Roman commune abolished the office (1144–45). Bibliography: l. von heinemann, Der Patriziat der deutschen Könige: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Staat und Kirche im Mittelalter (Wolfenbüttel 1888). f. gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, tr. a. hamilton, 8 v. in 13 (London 1894–1902). l. halphen, Charlemagne et l'empire carolingien (Paris 1947). l. brÉhier, Le monde byzantine (Paris 1947–50) v.2, Les institutions de l'empire byzantine. r. folz, L'idée d'empire en occident du Ve au XIVe siècle (Paris 1953); Le couronnement impérial de Charlemagne (Paris 1964). p. e. schramm, Herrschaftszeichen und Staatssymbolik, 3 v. (Schriften der Monumenta Germaniae historica 13; Stuttgart 1954–56). o. treitinger, Die oströmische Kaiser-und Reichsidee nach ihrer Gestaltung im höfischen Zeremoniell (2d ed. Darmstadt 1956). j. deÉr, "Die Vorrechte des Kaisers im Rom (772–800)," Schweizerische Beiträge zur allgemeinen Geschichte 15 (1957) 5–63. w. ullmann, The Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages (2d ed. New York 1962). Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de L. Stilson pro bono rei publicae, (Creative Commons Acknowledgement): cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rR7XCS2RtoM #Pepin #PatriciusRomanorum #NFT http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

A.D. 751 S. Zacharias PP. I Mandavit Pippino [Quotatio Brevis Ad Fontes] #quotes http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Pepin the Short (French: Pépin le Bref; c. 714 – 24 September 768), also called the Younger (Ger. Pippin der Jüngere), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the first Carolingian to become king. The younger was the son of the Frankish prince Charles Martel and his wife Rotrude, Pepin's upbringing was distinguished by the ecclesiastical education he had received from the monks of St. Denis. Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741, Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother Carloman. Pepin ruled in Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence, while his older brother Carloman established himself in Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia. The brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the Bavarians, Aquitanians, Saxons, and the Alemanni in the early years of their reign. In 743, they ended the Frankish interregnum by choosing Childeric III, who was to be the last Merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the Franks. Being well disposed towards the church and papacy on account of their ecclesiastical upbringing, Pepin and Carloman continued their father's work in supporting Saint Boniface in reforming the Frankish church, and evangelizing the Saxons. After Carloman, who was an intensely pious man, retired to religious life in 747, Pepin became the sole ruler of the Franks. He suppressed a revolt led by his half-brother Grifo, and succeeded in becoming the undisputed master of all Francia. Giving up pretense, Pepin then forced Childeric into a monastery and had himself proclaimed king of the Franks with support of Pope Zachary in 751. The decision was not supported by all members of the Carolingian family and Pepin had to put down a revolt led by Carloman's son, Drogo, and again by Grifo. As king, Pepin embarked on an ambitious program to expand his power. He reformed the legislation of the Franks and continued the ecclesiastical reforms of Boniface. Pepin also intervened in favour of the papacy of Stephen II against the Lombards in Italy. In the midsummer of 754, Stephen II anointed Pepin afresh, together with his two sons, Charles and Carloman. The ceremony took place in the Abbey Church of St. Denis, near Paris, and the Pope formally forbade the Franks ever to elect as king anyone who was not of the sacred race of Pepin. He also bestowed upon Pepin and his sons the title of 'Patrician of Rome'. Pepin was able to secure several cities, which he then gave to the Pope as part of the Donation of Pepin. This formed the legal basis for the Papal States in the Middle Ages. The Byzantines, keen to make good relations with the growing power of the Frankish empire, gave Pepin the title of Patricius. In wars of expansion, Pepin conquered Septimania from the Islamic Umayyads, and subjugated the southern realms by repeatedly defeating Waiofar and his Gascon troops, after which the Gascon and Aquitanian lords saw no option but to pledge loyalty to the Franks. Pepin was, however, troubled by the relentless revolts of the Saxons and the Bavarians. He campaigned tirelessly in Germany, but the final subjugation of these tribes was left to his successors. Pepin died in 768 and was succeeded by his sons Charlemagne and Carloman. Although unquestionably one of the most powerful and successful rulers of his time, Pepin's reign is largely overshadowed by that of his more famous son, Charlemagne. A.D. 751 S. Zacharias PP. I mandavit Pippino quod «melius sibi videri illum regem vocari, qui potestatem haberet, quam illum, qui sine regali potestate manebat». Έτος Κυρίου 751: Ο Πάπας Άγιος Ζαχάριος ο Πρώτος έδωσε εντολή στον Πεπίνο γιατί «είναι καλύτερο να λέγεται εκείνος που κρατά την εξουσία του Βασιλιά στα χέρια του, παρά έναν που μένει χωρίς εξουσίες». A.D. 751: Pope St. Zachary I mandated to Pepin because [quote]«it is better to call the person who holds the power of the King in his hands, rather than one, who remains without powers»[end quote]. An du Seigneur 751 : Pape saint Zacharie 1er mandaté à Pépin car « il vaut mieux appeler celui qui détient le pouvoir du Roi entre ses mains, plutôt que celui qui reste sans pouvoirs ». Año del Señor 751: El Papa San Zacarías I encomendó a Pipino porque «más vale llamar al que tiene en sus manos el poder del Rey, que al que se queda sin poderes». FONTES: Reginonis Prumiensis Abbatis Chronica: Liber de gestis regum Francorum, Ann. 749-750; J.P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Patrologiae Cursus Completus. Series Latina), Tom. CXXXII, Col. 47B. #PopeZachary #Pepin #Childeric #Vatican #PontificalStates #Byzantines #RomanEmpire #Roma #InternationalLaw #Italia #France #Alliance #mandatum #ITA #Lombards #Italy #Franks #Supremacy #Papacy #CatholicChurch #InternationalAffairs #Magisterium #machiavelli #Politics #Legitimacy #DidYouKnow #Latin #Greek #French #Spanish #English #ThePrince #Briefs #edu http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

NVMMVS: GREGORIVS . III . - . PONT . M . - ADORABO . IN . TEMPLO . SAN . TVO . (~741 A.D.) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Ο Γρηγόριος Γ΄ σε παπικό μετάλλιο του 8ου αιώνα (εμπρόσθια όψη). Ο Γρηγόριος Γ΄ σε παπικό μετάλλιο του 8ου αιώνα (οπίσθια όψη). Gregorius III (natus die ignoto in Syria; obiit die 29 Novembris 741) fuit episcopus Romae et Papa Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae a die 18 Martii 731. Pauca de Gregorio nota sunt, antequam papa factus est. Gregorius III primus papa fuit, qui contra Langobardos auxilium Francorum petivit. Die 1 Novembris 731 Iconoclastiae fautores damnavit. (Reigned 731-741.) Pope St. Gregory III was the son of a Syrian named John. The date of his birth is not known. His reputation for learning and virtue was so great that the Romans elected him pope by acclamation, when he was accompanying the funeral procession of his predecessor, 11 February, 731. As he was not consecrated for more than a month after his election, it is presumed that he waited for the confirmation of his election by the exarch at Ravenna. In the matter of Iconoclasm, he followed the policy of his predecessor. He sent legates and letters to remonstrate with the persecuting emperor, Leo III, and held two synods in Rome (731) in which the image-breaking heresy was condemned. By way of a practical protest against the emperor's action he made it a point of paying special honour to images and relics, giving particular attention to the subject of St. Peter's. Fragments of inscriptions, to be seen in the crypts of the Vatican basilica, bear witness to this day of an oratory he built therein, and of the special prayers he ordered to be there recited. Leo, whose sole answer to the arguments and apologies for image worship which were addressed to him from both East and West, was force, seized the papal patrimonies in Calabria and Sicily, or wherever he had any power in Italy, and transferred to the patriarch of Constantinople the ecclesiastical jurisdiction which the popes had previously exercised both there, and throughout the ancient Prefecture of Illyricum. Gregory III confirmed the decision of his predecessors as to the respective rights of the Patriarchs of Aquileia and Grado, and sent the pallium to Antoninus of Grado. In granting it also to Egbert of York, he was only following out the arrangements of St. Gregory I who had laid it down that York was to have metropolitical rights in the North of England, as Canterbury had to have them in the South. Both Tatwine and Nothelm of Canterbury received the pallium in succession from Gregory III (731 and 736). At his request Gregory III extended to St. Boniface the same support and encouragement which had been afforded him by Gregory II. "Strengthened exceedingly by the help of the affection of the Apostolic See", the saint joyfully continued his glorious work for the conversion of Germany. About 737 Boniface came to Rome for the third time to give an account of his stewardship, and to enjoy the pope's "life-giving conversation", At Gregory's order the monk and great traveller, St. Willibald, went to assist his cousin St. Boniface in his labours. The close of Gregory's reign was troubled by the Lombards. Realizing the ambition which animated Liutprand, Gregory completed the restoration of the walls of Rome which had been begun by his predecessors, and bought back Gallese, a stronghold on the Flaminian Way, from Transamund, Duke of Spoleto, which helped to keep open the communications between Rome and Ravenna. In 739, Liutprand was again in arms. His troops ravaged the exarchate, and he himself marched south to bring to subjection his vassals, the Dukes of Spoleto and Benevento, and the Duchy of Rome. Transamund fled to Rome, and Gregory implored the aid of the great Frankish chief, Charles Martel. At length ambassadors from the viceroy (subregulus) of the Franks appeared in Rome (739). Their arrival, or the summer heats, brought a momentary peace. But in the following year, Liutprand again took the field. This time the Romans left their walls, and helped Transamund to recover Spoleto. When, however, he had recovered his duchy, he would not or could not comply with Gregory's request, and endeavour to recover for the pope "the four cities of the Roman duchy which had been lost for his sake." In the midst of all these wars and rumours of war, Gregory died, and was buried in the oratory of our Lady which he had himself built in St. Peter's. He died in 741, but whether in November or December is not certain. It is however, on 28 November that he is commemorated in the Roman martyrology. N.B., Pope Gregory III (731-41) dedicated an oratory in the original St. Peter's Basilica in honor of all the saints on Nov. 1, and this date then became the official date for the celebration of the feast of All Saints in Rome. Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta de Jove Mauro Cámara pro bono rei publicae. #StGregory #Numismatics #Halloween http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

S. Nicolai Magni PP. I Canon de sententiis atque interdictis Sedis Apostolicae NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705815015539867649/ Hoc opus factum est per YouTube Video Editor http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus S. Nicolaus “Magnus” PP. I apud Concilium Romanum (863 A.D.) decrevit: Cap. 5. Si quis dogmata, mandata, interdicta, sanctiones vel decreta pro catholica fide, pro ecclesiastica disciplina, pro correctione fidelium, pro emendatione sceleratorum vel interdictione imminentium vel futurorum malorum a Sedis Apostolicae praeside salubriter promulgata contempserit, anathema sit. Epistola Scelus quod (Adoni Viennensi achiepiscopo), 30 Oct. 863, Cap. 5; Acta Pontificum Romanorum inedita, ed. Dr. J. v. Pflugk-Harttung (Stutgardiae: Verlag Von W. Kohlhammer, 1884), Vol. II, n. 58, p. 30; Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova et Amplissima Collectio, ed. Joannes Dominicus Mansi (Venetiis: Apud Antonium Zatta, 1770), Tom. XV, Col. 652. #Magisterium #ApostolicSee #Anathema http://twitter.com/ProVaticanus

Custodes aput portam Constantinopolis - Οι φύλακες στην πύλη της Κωνσταντινούπολης NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705810617493356545/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Expugnatio Constantinopolis anni 1453 (Graece: Άλωσις της Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Turcice: İstanbul'un Fethi) per Ottomanidas Imperii Romani Orientalis finem fecit. Cum Sultanus Mahometus II copiis magnis praefuit, ultimo imperatori Byzantino Constantino XI milites pauci fuerunt. Expugnata urbe non solum longaevum Imperium interiit sed etiam Imperium Ottomanicum adeo convaluit ut inde inter primas potestates Europae numeraretur. Sunt rerum gestarum scriptores, qui eventus iste gravis limitem inter Medium Aevum atque initium Renascentiae declarent. Η Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης υπήρξε το αποτέλεσμα της πολιορκίας της βυζαντινής πρωτεύουσας, της οποίας Αυτοκράτορας ήταν ο Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ΄ Παλαιολόγος, από τον οθωμανικό στρατό, με επικεφαλής τον σουλτάνο Μωάμεθ Β΄. Η πολιορκία διήρκεσε από τις 6 Απριλίου έως την Τρίτη, 29 Μαΐου 1453 (Ιουλιανό ημερολόγιο). Η άλωση αυτή της Κωνσταντινούπολης, σήμανε και το τέλος της υπερχιλιετούς Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας. #Constantinople #ConstantineXI #RomanEmpire Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de "AudioMachine" et "Drake Yin's New Music Channel" pro bono rei publicae - cf. recognition for Creative Commons production: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TC5yVoV2v0 http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

OBELISCVS VATICANVS #shorts http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus #Vatican #StPeters Obeliscus Vaticanus: * the obelisk from Heliopolis erected by Caligula on the spina of the circus Gai et Neronis (CIL VI.882; Plin. NH XVI.201; XXXVI.74, where the reading is uncertain, cf. BC 1897, 226), and now standing in front of S. Peter's. In the Middle Ages it was called the tomb of Julius Caesar, whose ashes were supposed to be contained in a gilt ball on its top, now in the Museo dei Conservatori (Mirabilia 20; p371 Jord. II.429, 625; JRS 1919, 43, 56; Cons. 171; Bullar. Vatican. I.25 (a.1023 Leo IX); Urlichs 228). It is a monolith of red granite, without hieroglyphs, 25.36 metres in height (cf. Not. Brev. and Jord. II.187), and was moved from its ancient to its present site by Fontana, at the command of Sixtus V (LS IV.144‑147; LR 554, and literature cited, for removal​1), having stood erect from the time when it was brought to the city (HJ 657; BC 1897, 225‑227 = Ob. Eg. 149‑151). The vessel which brought it was used as the nucleus of the central breakwater on which the pharos stood (Suet. Claud. 20) or the left-hand breakwater (Plin. NH XVI.76; XXXVI.4) of the Claudian harbour of Portus Augusti (Porto) (NS 1907, 734‑740).​a The mediaeval church of S. Stefanus de Agulia took its name from it​b (HCh 472). Ago tibi gratis Deo per instrumenta de "Raw Curgy Gaming" pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ry0dITzBJEU http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus

LENTE DESCENDAS ME - TRIBVTVM PSS. THEODOSIO MAGNO PER IMPERIVM PRO XP+SPQR 380-395 A.D. NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705774333609639937/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Flavius Theodosius (Caucae apud Segoviam natus die 11 Ianuarii 347 – obiit in Mediolani die 17 Ianuarii 395), qui dicitur etiam Theodosius Magnus, fuit imperator, ultimus omnis Imperii Romani ab anno 379 usque ad mortem. Edicta eius Christianismum ut sola religio legitima effecerunt et Ecclesiam Catholicam plene comprobaverunt. Postea imperium inter liberos eius Honorium et Arcadium divisum est. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Tevvez et Dark Bass pro bono rei publicae: N.B., Creative Commons Acknowledgement "Alec Benjamin - Let Me Down Slowly Tevvez Remix Parallel Universe (Bass Boosted)": Cf: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IqCGywv8Rs #Theodosius #RomanEmpire #HispanicHeritageMonth http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Imperium & Magisterium (On Roman Law Concept in State Continuity & Ecclesiastical Union) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The precept “sovereignty within a polity cannot be divided” includes understanding more contextually the triage of the Roman State’s Civic, Republican, Military, and Byzantine Continuity in context of the Roman Law concept of “command” & “empire”. Here are additional notes for articulation towards understanding the imperium of the Roman State and how it co-existed in greater complexity but remained a unified body and also in union with the Catholic Church by means of the magisterium... #Magisterium #Imperium #Rome http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

#shorts CONSTANTINVS MAGNVS EST COLOSVSS PRO XP+SPQR NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705809517981728769/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The great head, arms and legs of the Colossus were carved from white marble, while the rest of the body consisted of a brick core and wooden framework, possibly covered with gilded bronze. Judging by the size of the remaining pieces, the seated, enthroned figure would have been about 12 meters (40 feet) high. The head is about 21⁄2 meters tall and each foot is over 2 meters long. One of the two right hands of the Colossus. The statue's right hand is said by Eusebius to have held "a trophy of the Saviour's passion with the saving sign of the Cross", possibly therefore in the form of a staff with the sacred monogram XP affixed to it. Medals minted by Constantine at about this time show him so decorated. Eusebius further records the Latin inscription engraved below the statue, which may be translated as follows: through this sign of salvation, which is the true symbol of goodness, i rescued your city and freed it from the tyrant's yoke, and through my act of liberation i restored the senate and people of rome to their ancient renown and splendour. The great head is carved in a typical, abstract, Constantinian style ('hieratic emperor style') of late Roman portrait statues, whereas the other body parts are naturalistic, even down to callused toes and bulging forearm veins. The head was perhaps meant to convey the transcendence of the other-worldly nature of the Emperor over the human sphere, notable in its larger-than-life-size eyes which gaze toward eternity from a rigidly impersonal, frontal face. The treatment of the head shows a synthesis of individualistic portraiture: aquiline nose, deep jaw and prominent chin characteristic of all images of Constantine, with the trends of late Roman portraiture which focus on symbolism and abstraction, rather than detail. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Tevvez ex ZYZZ GYM HARDSTYLE - Maroon 5 Payphone (Aftergeneration Bootleg Remix) pro bono rei publicae - Creative Commons Acknowledgement - Cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upG13Xmmz04 #Constantine #Roma http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

IMPERIUM (Roman Law Concept) http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus IMPERIUM, as a concept taken from Roman Law, in Latin means “command” & “empire”, is the supreme executive power in the Roman state, involving both military and judicial authority. It was exercised first by the kings of Rome; under the Republic (--circa years 509 through 27 B.C.) it was held by the chief magistrates (that is: consuls, dictators, praetors, military tribunes with consular power, and masters of the cavalry) and private citizens entrusted with a special command. In the later Republic, proconsuls, propraetors, second members of certain commissions also possessed the imperium. Restrictions on its use were instituted from the inception of the Republic. The principle of collegiality provided that each of the magistrates of the same level (that is for example: the two consuls) who held it should hold it to the same degree. Down to the 2nd century B.C., a series of laws was passed requiring trials for Roman citizens in capital cases, and also the right of appeal to the people (or ius provocandi ad populum). The same rights were conventionally extended to Roman citizens in the military or other official service outside Rome. Magistrates were required to exercise imperium within the limits of their office (or provincia). Imperium was officially conferred by the Comitia Curiata (as the popular assembly) for one year or until the official completed his commission. Only in the last years of the Republic was the imperium granted for specific terms beyond one year. Caesar’s opponent Pompey was the first to receive such a commission, specifically for three years by the Lex Gabinia (--circa year 67 B.C.). Octavian obtained the imperium as holder of various offices under the Republic before he became the first emperor, under the name of Augustus, in year 27 B.C. From then on he was granted imperium for periods of 10 or 5 years by the Senate throughout his tenure of office. The Senate thereafter voted the imperium to each succeeding emperor upon his accession. Some emperors, such as Augustus, had it voted to their chosen successor. Under the empire the title imperator (emperor), which had been used by victorious Roman generals under the Republic, was reserved as an exclusive title for the head of state. The emperors received their first acclamation as emperor at their accession and thereafter each time a Roman general won a victory. Imperium was sometimes given to others in cases of special military commands, such as that of Germanicus in A.D. 17. When it was granted with no special duties, as in the case of Tiberius in A.D. 13, it implied that the recipient was an appropriate successor to the princeps, the unofficial title used by Augustus and subsequent emperors. With the expansion of Roman power during and after the reign of Augustus, imperium took on the meaning of “empire.” Painting: The Age of Augustus, the Birth of Christ, c. 1852–1854, Musée de Picardie. Cf. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "imperium". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jun. 2017, https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperium-Roman-law. Accessed 12 October 2022. #Imperium #RomanLaw #Empire http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

#shorts : Ο Χριστόφορος Κολόμβος τῷ θεῷ διά την λῐ́μνην ☧ Deo per rivum Christophorus Columbus ✠ NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705807318958473217/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus https://www.zazzle.com/alexandri_pp_vi_bulla_inter_caetera_4_mai_1493_photo_print-190319255735991208 Christophorus Columbus (Italice: Cristoforo Colombo; Catalane: Cristòfor Colom; Hispanice: Cristóbal Colón, unde nonnulli eum Christophorum Colonum dicunt; natus Genuae anno 1451 verisimiliter; mortuus Pintiae 20 Maii 1506) fuit explorator praeclarissimus. Regum Catholicorum Hispaniae, Ferdinandi II (regis Aragoniae) et Isabellae I (reginae Castellae), mandatu, Columbus viam securam ab occidente die 12 Octobris 1492 in Americam (adhuc ignotam, vel sine documentis) invenit, ubi ille, credens se Indiam advenisse, terram pro regibus Hispanicis adrogavit. Te Deum laudamus: te Dominum confitemur. Te aeternum Patrem omnis terra veneratur. Tibi omnes Angeli; tibi caeli et universae Potestates; Tibi Cherubim et Seraphim incessabili voce proclamant: Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestatis gloriae tuae. Te gloriosus Apostolorum chorus, Te Prophetarum laudabilis numerus, Te Martyrum candidatus laudat exercitus. Te per orbem terrarum sancta confitetur Ecclesia, Patrem immensae maiestatis: Venerandum tuum verum et unicum Filium; Sanctum quoque Paraclitum Spiritum. Tu Rex gloriae, Christe. Tu Patris sempiternus es Filius. Tu ad liberandum suscepturus hominem, non horruisti Virginis uterum. Tu, devicto mortis aculeo, aperuisti credentibus regna caelorum. Tu ad dexteram Dei sedes, in gloria Patris. Iudex crederis esse venturus. Te ergo quaesumus, tuis famulis subveni: quos pretioso sanguine redemisti. Aeterna fac cum sanctis tuis in gloria numerari. Salvum fac populum tuum, Domine, et benedic hereditati tuae. Et rege eos, et extolle illos usque in aeternum. Per singulos dies benedicimus te; Et laudamus Nomen tuum in saeculum, et in saeculum saeculi. Dignare, Domine, die isto sine peccato nos custodire. Miserere nostri domine, miserere nostri. Fiat misericordia tua, Domine, super nos, quemadmodum speravimus in te. In te, Domine, speravi: non confundar in aeternum. https://www.scribd.com/document/357298889/Inter-Caetera-Alexander-VI-Tractatus Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Zyzz - Thrive 🙏 (et Tevvez) pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRmpqHLwiZU #Columbus #Byzantine #Barcelona #Constantinpolitan #Colom #Thrive #Hehe #Colombo #Colom #CristobalColon #ChristopherColumbus #MusicVideo #shortvideo #tribute #HappyColumbusDay #Spain #Chios #RomanCatholic #EasternRomanHistory #LastRoman #Kolumbus #Kolombos #Kolombia #Columbia #Colombia #Colon #K #XPO #Oct12 #October12 #Year1492 #Italy #America #Bahamas #History #Discovery #Divine #Crusader #CK #4K #SPQR #XP #RomanEmpire #RomanReigns #ChiRho #Palaiologos #CouncilOfFlorence #Catholicism #Orthodoxy #CatholicChurch #Greek #Latina #Catala #AlexanderSextus #Borja #ReyesCatolicos #ΡΩΜΑΙΟΙ #Vaticano #Roma #Madrid #ElClasico #Armanda #ESP $RUM http://patreon.com.com/ProVaticanus

Credo in...sanctam ecclesiam catholicam ☧ Πιστεύω εἰς...ἁγίαν καθολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705808418470100993/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus SYMBOLUM APOSTOLICUM. FORMA RECEPTA: Credo in DEUM PATREM omnipotentem; Creatorem cæli et terræ. Et in J ESUM CHRISTUM, Filium ejus unicum, Dominum nostrum; qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria virgine; passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus; descendit ad inferna; tertia die resurrexit a mortuis; ascendit ad cælos; sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis; inde venturus (est) judicare vivos et mortuos. Credo in SPIRITUM SANCTUM; sanctam ecclesiam catholicam; sanctorum communionem; remissionem peccatorum; carnis resurrectionem; vitam æternam. Amen. Πιστεύω εἰς ΘΕΟΝ ΠΑΤΕΡΑ, παντοκράτορα, ποιητὴν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς. Καὶ (εἰς) ἸΗΣΟΥΝ ΧΡΙΣΤΟΝ, υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν, τὸν συλληφθέντα ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου, γεννηθέντα ἐκ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου, παθόντα ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου, σταυρωθέντα, θανόντα, καὶ ταφέντα, κατελθόντα εἰς τὰ κατώτατα , τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ ἀναστάντα ἀπὸ τῶν νεκρῶν, ἀνελθόντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς, καθεζόμενον ἐν δεξιᾷ θεοῦ πατρὸς παντοδυνάμου, ἐκαῖθεν ἐρχόμενον κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς. Πιστεύω εἰς τὸ ΠΝΕΥΜΑ ΤΟ ἍΓΙΟΝ, ἁγίαν καθολικὴν ἐκκλησίαν, ἁγίων κοινωνίαν, ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν, σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν, ξωὴν αἰώνιον. Ἀμήν. THE APOSTLES' CREED. (a) RECEIVED FORM. I believe in GOD THE FATHER Almighty; Maker of heaven and earth. And in J ESUS CHRIST his only (begotten) Son our Lord; who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary; suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried; he descended into hell [Hades, spirit-world];ii the third day he rose from the dead; he ascended into heaven; and sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty; from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead. I believe in the HOLY GHOST ; the holy catholic Church; the communion of saints; the forgiveness of sins; the resurrection of the body [flesh];iii and the life everlasting. Amen The Latin and Greek texts of the Apostles' Creed are taken from the Psalterium Græcum et Romanum (previously ascribed to Pope St. Gregory the Great), first published from a MS. preserved in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by Archbishop Ussher: De Romanæ Ecclesiæ Symbolo Apostolico vetere, London, 1647. I used the Geneva edition, 1722, pp. 6, 7. The MS. is written in two parallel columns, the one Latin, the other Greek, but the Greek likewise in Latin characters. The same text is given by Hahn, Biblioth. der Symb. p. 10, and Heutley (in Greek), Harmonia Symb. pp. 81–83. The Latin text agrees with the creed of Pirminius (d. 758) in Heurtley, p. 71. Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta de Jove Mauro Cámara pro bono rei publicae (Creative Commons Acknowledgement), cf. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGxZB1ovVm0 #Orthodoxy #Credo #CatholicChurch http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Roma MDIII A.D. zazzle.com/roman_senate_necktie-151562152286481253 Roma, (-ae, f.) vel simpliciter Urbs, est urbs in Latio, caput Latii atque Italiae. Nomen verbum rumach replicat; hoc verbum est Etruscum et 'flumen' fere significat, nam non est procul a Roma Tiberis. Sed fieri potest ut 'Roma' replicet verbum Etruscum rhome, quod 'vis' significat. Roma super septem montes iuxta flumen Tiberim iacet. A Roma orta est Latina lingua, ex qua multae linguae praesentis temporis Europae nationum genitae sunt. Roma "caput mundi" et "urbs aeterna" appellata est. Dicitur etiam "Omnes viae Romam perducunt" ; una autem via peregrinationis est perantiqua, cui nomen "Via Francigena" datum est. Litterae S.P.Q.R. significant, "Senatus Populusque Romanus." Romulus et Remus erant filii Martis, dei belli. Eorum mater erat Rhea Silvia, filia Numitoris, qui rex Albanorum antea fuerat, sed a malo fratre Amulio pulsus erat. Itaque Amulius, qui regnum Albanorum tum obtinebat, pueros magnopere timuit et eos interficere consilium cepit. Rhea vitam filiorum suorum conservare studebat, sed rex iussit servum eos in flumen deicere. Imperio regis autem servus non paruit, sed pueros in arca lignea posuit, quae aqua fluminis sine periculo vehi poterat. Mox pueri ad ripam fluminis vecti sunt. Ibi lupa, quae non longe aberat, pueros audivit atque curavit. Postea pastor benignus eos invenit et in casam parvam portavit. Post longum tempus Romulus et Remus, qui viri iam erant, et malum regem interfecerunt et regnum Numitori reddiderunt. Tum auxilio sociorum suorum novum oppidum i s ad flumen posuerunt. Eius fluminis nomen est Tiberis. Eius oppidi nomen est Roma. Roma posita est in eo loco ubi Romulus et Remus inventi erant. "Possis nihil Urbe Roma visere maius."--Horatius, Carmen saeculare, 11-12. #Rome #TheCity #Roma youtube.com/channel/UCGRizY96gsfts3lWXLWbYLg

Σφραγίδα του Πόθου Αργυρού: ✚ Πόθος Ἀργυρός ☧ πρωτοσπαθάριος και κατεπάνω της Ἰταλίας NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705806219446845441/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Ο Πόθος Αργυρός ήταν Βυζαντινός στρατηγός, μέλος της οικογένειας των Αργυρών. Ήταν αρχικά Δομέστικος των εξκουβιτόρων, έπειτα δούξ της Αντιόχειας το 1029 κι έπειτα Κατεπάνω της Ιταλίας κατά τα περιπετειώδη χρόνια από το 1029 έως το 1031. Ο Πόθος αντικατέστησε τον Χριστόφορο Βούλγαρη ως κατεπάνω και αμέσως έπρεπε να ασχοληθεί με τις επιθέσεις των Σαρακηνών. Το 1031, νικήθηκε στο Καζάνο αλλό Ιόνιο και αντικαταστάθηκε από τον Μιχαήλ τον πρωτοσπαθάριο. Pothos Argyros or Argyrus (Greek: Πόθος Ἀργυρός; Italian: Potone Argiro or Poto Argiro) was a Byzantine commander, who served as the catepan of Italy during the eventful years of 1029 to 1031. Pothos is first mentioned in the history of John Skylitzes in c. 1026/27, or perhaps still under Basil II (r. 976–1025), as a commander in the eastern frontier, when he captured the Arab chieftain Nasr ibn Musharraf al-Rawadifi, ruler of the disputed border area of Jabal Rawadif near Antioch. Nasr succeeded in being set free after promising assistance to Pothos' superior, the doux of Antioch, Michael Spondyles. Following the rise to the throne of Romanos III Argyros (r. 1028–1034), Pothos was appointed Catepan of Italy in 1029. Pothos' relation to Romanos III is unknown, but according to the historians Jean-Claude Ceynet and Jean-François Vannier, he may have been his nephew. A surviving lead seal of office gives his titles as "protospatharios and katepano [catepan] of Italy". According to Lupus Protospatharius, he arrived at Bari as the new Catepan of Italy in July 1029, and immediately fought in its vicinity against the Muslim commander Rayca, who had previously forced the capitulation of the fortress of Obbianum (probably modern Uggiano). Lupus then reports that in 1031 (or 1032, according to some modern interpretations), he faced another invasion by the Emirate of Sicily. The Italian chroniclers report that the Muslims sacked Cassano in June, and that, hurrying to confront them, on 3 July, Pothos Argyros was defeated and killed. Pothos' death in battle is not entirely certain, however, since an inventory of the metropolitan see of Reggio di Calabria includes a set of panegyrics offered by kyr Pothos and his wife, both related to a possession of a katepanissa Theoktiste. An identification of Theoktiste with the wife of kyr Pothos, and of Pothos with the catepan is very likely, but the copyist of the works recorded that this was done in 1033/34, "during the times of catepan Pothos, under the reign of Romanos and Zoe", by which time Pothos is supposed to have been dead. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Alexandro Nakarada pro bono rei publicae. Cf. ad fontes de musica libera sine regia: https://freepd.com/music/Beat%20Thee.mp3 "Written by Alexander Nakarada. Added January, 2020. This music is available for commercial and non-commercial purposes." #Byzantine #RomanEmpire #Catepanate #Numismatics #Scholarship #RoyaltyFreeMusic #PublicDomain #FairUse #ByzantineItaly #Bulla http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

∞Infinitas Divinae Misericordiae ex Satisfactione IESU☧CHRISTI per Veram†Crucem pro SPQR et Heraclio http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus S. Thomas Aquinas scripsit: “Dicendum quod aliqua satisfactio potest dici dupliciter sufficiens. Uno modo perfecte, quia est condigna per quandam adaequationem ad recompensationem culpae commissae. Et sic hominis puri satisfactio sufficiens esse non potuit pro peccato; tum quia tota humana natura erat per peccatum corrupta; nec bonum alicuius personae, vel etiam plurium, poterat per aequiparantiam totius naturae detrimentum recompensare; tum etiam quia peccatum contra Deum commissum quandam infinitatem habet ex infinitate divinae maiestatis; tanto enim offensa est gravior, quanto maior est ille in quem delinquitur. Unde oportuit, ad condignam satisfactionem, ut actus satisfacientis haberet efficaciam infinitam, utpote Dei et hominis existens” (ST III, q.1, a.2, ad 2). "Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod sicut offensa habuit quamdam infinitatem ex infinitate divinae majestatis, ita et satisfactio accipit quamdam infinitatem ex infinitate divinae misericordiae, prout est gratia informata, per quam acceptum redditur quod homo reddere potest. Quidam tamen dicunt, quod habet infinitatem ex parte aversionis, et sic gratis dimittitur; sed ex parte conversionis finita est, et sic pro ea satisfieri potest. Sed hoc nihil est; quia satisfactio non respondet peccato nisi secundum quod est offensa Dei: quod non habet ex parte conversionis, sed solum ex parte aversionis. Alii vero dicunt, quod etiam quantum ad aversionem pro peccato satisfieri potest virtute meriti Christi, quod quodammodo infinitum fuit, ut in 3 Lib., dist. 18, qu. 1, art. 6, quaestiunc. 1, dictum est; et hoc in idem redit quod prius dictum est; quia per fidem mediatoris gratia data est credentibus. Si tamen alio modo gratiam daret, sufficeret satisfactio per modum praedictum." (Super Sent., lib. 4 d. 15 q. 1 a. 2 ad 1) Emperor Heraclius was trying to return the true cross to Jerusalem, but an angel told him he had to do this first. Around 615 a Persian king captured Jerusalem and carried off the relic of the true cross of Jesus Christ that had been discovered by St. Helena. It stayed with the Persians for roughly 14 years, until Byzantine Emperor Heraclius came and defeated their armies. Heraclius found the relic of Jesus’ cross still preserved and resolved to return it to Jerusalem. When he neared the gates of Jerusalem he intended to take the cross through the same gate Jesus used on his way to the crucifixion. However, Heraclius wanted to do it with great royal pageantry while riding on his horse. Then something miraculous happened that prevented Heraclius from going through the gate. The Golden Legend records what happened next. But suddenly the stones of the gateway fell down and locked together, forming an unbroken wall. To the amazement of everyone, an angel of the Lord, carrying a cross in his hands, appeared above the wall and said: “When the King of heaven passed through this gate to suffer death, there was no royal pomp. He rode a lowly ass, to leave an example of humility to his worshipers.” With those words the angel vanished. Heraclius was stunned and began to weep. He dismounted his horse and took off every article of royal clothing, except for his simple undergarment. Then he took the relic of the true cross and walked slowly toward the gate. It instantly returned to its former position and allowed Heraclius to enter Jerusalem. This caused him to burst out in prayer and exclaim to God, “O cross, more splendid than all the heavenly bodies, renowned throughout the world, deserving of all men’s love, holier than all things else! O cross, you were worthy to carry the ransom of the world! O sweet wood, sweet nails, sweet sword, sweet lance, you were the bearer of sweet burdens! Save the host gathered today in praise of you and signed with your banner!” When the relic was returned to the basilica the miracles resumed, and according to tradition, “dead men were raised to life, four paralytics were cured, ten lepers were made clean, fifteen blind people received their sight, demons were driven out, and great numbers were delivered of various infirmities.” While legendary in character, the stories highlight the power of the cross and its connection to humility, not royal pomp or outward show. Denial and self-sacrifice are required to carry the cross of Jesus Christ. If we wish to enter the heavenly Jerusalem, this is the only gate that is open to us. Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Tevvez pro bono rei publicae. #APEIRON #Heraclius #TrueCross #Infinity #DivineMercy #GodsWisdom #GodsKnowledge #ThomasAquinas #CatholicTeaching #Religion #Satisfaction #Crusader #Indulgences #SPQR #Jerusalem #Orthodoxy #Christianity #CatholicChurch #Orthodox #RomanTriumph #TriumphOfTheCross #Greek #Latin #Palestine http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Introitus "Nunc Scio Vere" per festam SS. Apostolorum Petri et Pauli in Basilica Vetere Vaticana NFT: https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705805119935217665/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Nunc scío vere, quia mísit Dóminus Angelum súum: et erípuit me de mánu Heródis, et de ómni exspectatióne plébis Judæórum. Now I know in very deed, that the Lord hath sent His angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand of Herod, and from all the expectation, of the people of the Jews. Ps. Dómine probásti me, et cognovísti me: tu cognovísti sessiónem méam, et resurrectiónem méam. Lord, Thou hast proved me and known me : Thou hast known my sitting down and my rising up. Ꝟ Glória Pátri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sáncto. Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, et in saécula saeculórum. Amen. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost; as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen. Nunc scío vere, quia mísit Dóminus Angelum súum: et erípuit me de mánu Heródis, et de ómni exspectatióne plébis Judæórum. Now I know in very deed, that the Lord hath sent His angel, and hath delivered me out of the hand of Herod, and from all the expectation, of the people of the Jews. (Acts 12.11; Ps.138.1-2) #OldStPeters #Vatican #GregorianChant http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

ΒΥΖΑΝΤΙΝΗ ΚΑΛΑΒΡΙΑ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Η Καλαβρία ήταν επαρχία της Βυζαντινής Αυτοκρατορίας, (Βυζαντινό Θέμα) στη Νότια Ιταλία και τη σημερινή περιφέρεια της Καλαβρίας. Το Θέμα δημιουργήθηκε κατά το χρονικό διάστημα από το 938 (ή το 902 κατά άλλους) έως το 956 αντικαθιστώντας το Δουκάτο της Καλαβρίας, είχε πρωτεύουσα το Ρήγιο αλλά περιελάμβανε και μία πόλη στη Σικελία το μόνο μέρος που δεν καταλήφθηκε από τους Άραβες, το Ταυρομένιο. Το Θέμα χωρίζεται σε τρεις τούρμες και περαιτέρω διαιρείται σε δρούγες, μόνο μία τούρμα ταυτίστηκε με ακρίβεια, βρισκόταν στο Πιάνα ντι Τζιόια Ταύρο, η οποία είχε ως πρωτεύουσα την πόλη της Αγίας Αγκάθα και ιδρύθηκε το 1044. Το 965 ξέσπασε βίαιη εξέγερση στο Ροζάνο, η αιτία το αίτημα του στρατηγού Νικηφόρου Εξακιονίτη να στρατολογήσει τα πλοία του θέματος ενώ οι ιδιοκτήτες τους ζήταγαν να πάρουν ενοίκιο, Με την παρέμβαση του Αγίου Νείλου σταμάτησε η εξέγερση και πήραν αντάλλαγμα πεντακόσια νομίσματα. Σε 975 το Θέμα Καλαβρίας μαζί με εκείνα της Λογγιβαρδίας και της Λευκανίας σχηματίζουν το Κατεπανάτο της Ιταλίας. Γνωστοί στρατηγοί -κυβερνήτες του θέματος ήταν οι: Ευστάθιος, 10ος αιώνας Ιωάννης Μουζάλων ή Μπουζάλων, περ. 921-922 Μαριανός Αργυρός γύρω στα 958 Προκόπιος, 10ος αιώνας Βασίλειος Κλάδων, 10ος αιώνας Κρηνίτης ο Χαλδαίος, ? - 947 Πασχάλιος Πρωτοσπαθάριος, 10ος αιώνας Νικηφόρος Εξακιωνίτης, 10ος αιώνας Calabria theme The Themes of the Byzantine - Roman Empire in Southern Italy around 1000. Calabria was a province of the Byzantine Empire , ( Byzantine Theme ) in Southern Italy and the current region of Calabria . The Theme was created during the time period from 938 (or 902 according to others) to 956 replacing the Duchy of Calabria , it had its capital at Rigio but also included a city in Sicily the only part not occupied by the Arabs, the Tauromenian . The Theme is divided into three turmas and further divided into droghes, only one turma has been accurately identified, it was located in Piana di Gioia Tauro, which had as its capital the city of Agia Agatha and was founded in 1044. In 965 a violent rebellion broke out in Rozano, the cause of which was the request of the general Nikephoros Hexakionitis to recruit the ships in question while their owners were asking for rent. With the intervention of Agios Nilos, the rebellion was stopped and they received five hundred coins in exchange.. In 975 the Theme of Calabria together with those of Logivardia and Lefkania form the Katepanate of Italy . Well-known generals-governors of the subject were: Eustathius , 10th century John Mouzalon or Bouzalon , ca. 921-922 Marianos Argyros around 958 Procopius , 10th century Vasilios Kladon , 10th century Crinitis the Chaldean , ? - 947 Paschalios Protospatharios , 10th century Nikiforos Hexakionitis , 10th century #Byzantine #Calabria #RomanEmpire http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

Per Conclave 19 Aug. 1458 pro causa Byzantina a Cardinalibus Deestota Villa, Bessario, Isidoroque http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The 1458 papal conclave (August 16–19), convened after the death of Pope Callixtus III, elected as his successor Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini who took the name Pius II. The results of the second ballot on August 19 in the morning were a greatly disappointing surprise for d'Estouteville. He received only six votes – those of de Coëtivy, Colonna, Bessarion, Fieschi, Torquemada, and Castiglione. Cardinal Piccolomini obtained nine votes – those of Barbo, Orsini, Calandrini, Isidore of Kiev, de Mella, de La Cerda, Jaime de Portugal, del Mila y Borja, and that of d'Estouteville, who hesitated to vote for himself but certainly did not consider Piccolomini a serious rival. The votes of Rodrigo Borgia, Giacomo Tebaldi and Enea Piccolomini fell to other candidates. After announcing the results, Cardinal Dean opened the customary procedure of the accessus. There was a long silence broken by Rodrigo Borgia who changed his vote to Piccolomini. Then the partisans of d'Estouteville made an attempt to adjourn the session, but Cardinal Tebaldi also changed his vote to Piccolomini, who needed only one vote more for the election. At this point Cardinal Colonna arose to give his vote. Cardinals Rouen and Bessarion attempted to subdue him forcefully but Colonna was able to free himself from the scuffle to proclaim "I also vote for the Cardinal of Siena, and I make him Pope!" The rest of the adherents of the Cardinal of Rouen could do nothing but change their votes too, and a few minutes later Cardinal Bessarion congratulated Piccolomini on his unanimous election to the papacy. Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini accepted his election and took the name Pius II. On September 3, 1458, he was solemnly crowned on the steps of the patriarchal Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Prospero Colonna, protodeacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro. #Byzantine #Conclave #ProjectUkraine http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

NVMMVS: D N CONSTAN – TIVS P F AVG VICTORI – A AVGGG R+V COMOB (421 A.D.) NFT:https://opensea.io/assets/ethereum/0x495f947276749ce646f68ac8c248420045cb7b5e/70850007952586269275279839719145878113431027391457810365503705802920911962113/ http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus The Roman Empire, Constantius III, 8th February – 2nd September 421, Solidus, Ravenna 421, AV 4.46 g. D N CONSTAN – TIVS P F AVG Rosette-diademed, draped and cuirassed bust r. Rev. VICTORI – A AVGGG Emperor standing facing, head r., holding standard and Victory on globe, spurning captive with his l. foot; in field, R – V. In exergue, COMOB. C 1. RIC 1325. Depeyrot 7/4. Ranieri 48. Extremely rare and among the finest specimens known. Well struck and centred on a full flan and extremely fine Ex NFA XXX, 1992, 315 and NAC 38, 2007, 290 sales. The Danubian commander Constantius III had enjoyed a stellar career by the time he undertook a naval blockade of Spain and Gaul in 415, which caused the murder of the Visigothic king Athaulf. In achieving this victory Constantius secured the return of the emperor Honorius’ half-sister Galla Placidia, who had been captured by the Visigoths when they sacked Rome in 410, and who in the meantime had been forced to marry king Athaulf. Riding the tide of his triumph, Constantius pressed for a royal marriage with the rescued empress, which occurred on January 1, 417, when he also assumed his second consulship. Slightly more than four years passed before Constantius gained enough prestige at court that Honorius reluctantly declared him co-emperor. This elevation was well-received in the West, where the soldiers were relieved to have a proven soldier sharing the throne, but it was not acknowledged by the Eastern emperor Theodosius II. The specter of civil war loomed for seven months until the stalemate was finally resolved by Constantius’ death, seemingly of natural causes, on September 2, 421. Due in part to the brevity of his reign, only gold solidi and tremisses from Ravenna were struck in Constantius’ name. Beyond coinage, his other lasting legacy was his son Valentinian III, by Galla Placidia, who eventually ruled the Western Roman Empire, albeit impotently, for thirty years. Flavius Constantius was a former officer of the magister militum Stilicho († 408), whose star rose as a consequence of the disastrous situation of the Western Empire after the Crossing of the Rhine on 31 December 406 (or 405), the usurpation of Constantine III in 407 and the Sack of Rome by Alarich on 24 August 410. In these desperate times, it was Constantius' military brilliance that initiated a wondrous revival of Roman might: as magister utriusque militiae ('master of both forces', i.e. commander of both the infantry and cavalry), he first defeated Constantine III in 411 (see above, lot 1843) and then expelled Alaric from Italy in 412. A year later, he overcame and killed his Roman rival, the comes africae Heraclianus, before successfully campaigning against the Visigoths in Spain and Gaul in 415-416, thus ensuring the release of Honorius' half-sister Galla Placidia from Gothic captivity. Once the brilliant general gradually gained back control over large parts of the Western Empire, his stellar ascent knew no limits: in 417, Constantius married Galla Placidia and became the brother-in-law of Honorius, who was merely a puppet in his hands and proclaimed him to his co-emperor on 8 February 421. Within a decade, Constantius had raised the Western Empire from the dead, married into the Theodosian dynasty and become the true power holder in Ravenna. However, on 2 September 421, the great general suddenly died of an illness, allegedly amidst preparations for war against Theodosius II, as the eastern emperor had declined recognition of Constantius' elevation to the rank of Augustus. The unexpected demise of Constantius has been termed by some modern historians the beginning of the end of the Western Roman Empire, as none of its later magistri militum would turn out to be nearly as successful. However, the dark prospect of another disastrous civil war looming on the horizon casts doubt on whether Constantius III would really have been able to stem the tide for the Western Roman Empire, as clashes with the Theodosian dynasty seemed unavoidable. Gratias ago tibi Deo per instrumenta de Jove Mauro Cámara pro bono rei publicae. #RomanEmpire #ConstantiusIII #Numismatics http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus

#FathersDay: Per numen Pontificatus Oratio Dominica «Pater Noster» recitata est a SS. Pio PP. XII http://www.zazzle.com/ProVaticanus http://youtube.com/ProVaticanus PATER NOSTER, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in caelo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo. Amen. #PaterNoster #PiusXII #Vaticano #Shorts #Latin #Roma http://www.zazzle.com/provaticanus/gifts?pg=2&ps=60

SS. Benedictus PP. XV per numen Pontificatus providit haec opera Dei de Indulgentia Apostolica http://zazzle.com/ProVaticanus Benedictus PP. XV (natus Iacobus Paulus Ioannes Baptista Della Chiesa Genuae die 21 Novembris 1854 nobili genere, filius Iosephi; mortuus die 22 Ianuarii 1922) fuit Papa catholicus, episcopus Romanus a die 3 Septembris 1914. Familia quoque matris Ioannae Migliorati a Neapoli nobilis erat et Ecclesiae iam Papam Innocentium VII donaverat. Sententia eius apostolica erat "In te, Domine, speravi; non confundar in aeternum." Iussu patris Iacobus Della Chiesa ante Romae studium theologiae apud praeclarum Collegium Capranicense, Academiam nobilum ecclesiasticorum (Italiane: Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici) atque Pontificiam Universitatem Gregorianam Genuae studia iurisprudentiae ab anno 1872 usque ad annum 1875 fecit. Iacobus Della Chiesa presbyter die 21 Decembris anno 1878 Romae ordinatus est, postea fuit scriba nuntii apostolici in Hispania cardinalis Mariani Rampollae Tindari. Cum anno 1887 Papa Leo XIII Marianum Rampollam Cardinalem Secretarium Status nominavit, Della Chiesa vicarius eius factus est. Die 16 Decembris anno 1907 Iacobus Della Chiesa episcopus Bononiae nominatus est dieque 25 Maii 1914 cardinalis Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae semper a Pio X creatus est. Die III Septembris anno 1914, cardinales eum in summum pontificem elegerunt. Iacobus Della Chiesa nomen pontificale sibi Benedictum XV imposuit ad honorem Benedicti XIV, qui etiam episcopus Bononiae fuerat et postea papa. Benedictus XV fuit papa Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae inter primum bellum mundanum. Papa semper et assidue pro pace et contra bellum, quod dixit inanem stragem et mortem voluntariam Europae esse, congreditur. Anno 1917 in solemnitate Dominica Pentecostes, Benedictus XV Codicem Iuris Canonici promulgavit. Die 1 Maii 1917, cum motu proprio Dei Providentis papa Benedictus praesentem Congregationem pro Ecclesiis Orientalibus (tunc Congregationem pro Ecclesia Orientali) a Congregatione de Propaganda Fide separavit. Benedictus XV duodecim encyclicas epistulas scripsit: Ad beatissimi Apostolorum principis (die 1 Novembris 1914) contra primum bellum mundanum et pro unitate Ecclesiae Humani generis redemptionem (die 15 Iunii 1917) de precatione Dei verbi Quod iam diu (die 1 Decembris 1918) de costituenda pace conventus In hac tanta (die 14 Maii 1919) Paterno iam diu (die 24 Novembris 1919) Pacem, Dei munus pulcherrimum (die 23 Maii 1920) de pace et de iure gentium Spiritus Paraclitus (die 15 Septembris 1920) de Sacra Scriptura Principi apostolorum Petro (die 5 Octobris 1920) Annus iam plenus (die 1 Decembris 1920) Sacra propediem (die 6 Ianuarii 1921) In praeclara summorum (die 30 Aprilis 1921) de Dante Alagherio Fausto appetente die (die 29 Iunii 1921) de Sancte Dominici #Vaticano #BenedictXV #Father Ago tibi gratias Deo per instrumenta de Vivaldi pro bono rei publicae. http://patreon.com/ProVaticanus