🌋Damage caused by VOLCANÕES🌋

Damage caused by volcanoes

Ash falls from continued explosive jetting of fine volcanic particles into high ash clouds generally do not cause any direct fatalities. However, where the ash accumulates more than a few centimetres, collapsing roofs and failure of crops are major secondary hazards. Crop failure can occur over large areas downwind from major ash eruptions,
and widespread famine and disease may result, especially in poorly developed countries.
In the long run, however, the decomposition of nutrient-rich volcanic fallout is responsible for some of the world’s best soils.
Ash falls from continued explosive jetting of fine volcanic particles into high ash clouds generally do not cause any direct fatalities. However, where the ash accumulates more than a few centimetres, collapsing roofs and failure of crops are major secondary hazards. Crop failure can occur over large areas downwind from major ash eruptions, and
widespread famine and disease may result, especially in poorly developed countries. In the long run, however, the decomposition of nutrient-rich volcanic fallout is responsible for some of the world’s best soils.
Avalanches of rock and ice also are common on active volcanoes. They may occur with or without an eruption. Those without an eruption are often triggered by earthquakes, by weakening of rock into clay by hydrothermal activity, or by heavy rainfall or snowfall.
Those associated with eruptions are sometimes caused by oversteepening of a volcano’s flank by intrusion of a shallow body of magma within or just beneath the volcanic cone,
as happened at Mount St. Helens.
A caldera collapse that is in part or entirely submarine usually generates a tsunami. The larger and more rapid the collapse, the larger the tsunami. Tsunamis also can be caused by avalanches or large pyroclastic flows rapidly entering the sea on the flank of a volcano.
Property damage from volcanic eruptions is difficult to estimate, because of differing value systems and changes in land use. One study estimates an average of $1 billion per year in property damage worldwide from volcanic eruptions. As with casualties, a few eruptions
cause staggering damage, while most are much less destructive. The Mount St. Helens eruption in 1980 caused more than $1 billion worth of damage, mainly to the timber industry. The economic cost of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines was estimated at
$7 billion, though it is likely that losses continued to mount for years afterward because of the inundation of much arable land by mudflows.
A new danger that emerged with the increase in air travel is the serious threat posed to jet aircraft by high clouds of volcanic ash and aerosols. These clouds cannot be detected by weather radar, and they are difficult for pilots to distinguish from meteorological clouds.
In a small number of documented cases, jet engines have stopped operating after airliners have flown through volcanic clouds. Catastrophe was avoided only at the last minute when the
pilots were able to restart the engines as their planes descended below the clouds. The engines had to be replaced and major abrasive damage to the planes repaired. During the Pinatubo eruption,
aircraft had 16 damaging encounters with ash clouds, one as far away as 1,700 km (1,050 miles) west of the volcano.
In response to these hazards, a worldwide system was established to alert pilots by radio about volcanic eruption clouds and their probable extent. This system, which is made up of a network of nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) managed by the International Civil Aviation Organization, helps aviation officials divert air traffic around areas of dangerous ash concentrations.
A few weeks after the start of the eruption of Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull volcano in March 2010, ash plume data gathered from the London VAAC factored into the decision by national aviation
authorities to ground flights for several days throughout northern and central Europe.
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