Is depression just a chemical imbalance? (8-29-21)

The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder, https://www.amazon.com/Loss-Sadness-Psychiatry-Transformed-Depressive-ebook/dp/B001CHRHHO/

"Nonhuman primates show a clear resemblance to humans in the way they respond to loss—that is, in their observable features of expression, behavior, and brain functioning. As Darwin noted, apes and humans show similar facial expressions in situations that are associated with sadness, including elevated eyebrows, drooping eyelids, horizontal wrinkles across the forehead, and outward extension and drawing down of the lips. In addition, displays of sadness among apes, like human responses, include decreased locomotor activity, agitation, slouched or fetal-like posture, cessation of play behavior, and social withdrawal. Most important, the loss situations that commonly lead to depressive responses are similar in primates and in humans. Nonhuman primates react to separations from intimates—for example, an infant monkey separating from its mother—with physiological responses similar to those that correlate with sadness in humans, including elevated levels of cortisol and ACTH hormones and impairments of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Adult nonhuman primates that are separated from sexual partners or peers show similar reactions.

Primate studies also show that symptoms of depression that develop after separations rapidly disappear when the situation of loss is resolved, such as when an infant monkey is reunited with its mother. Also, primates in environments that feature readily available mother substitutes rarely exhibit severe or enduring reactions in response to maternal separations. Such transient sadness responses to separation are part of innate coping mechanisms among many species. However, prolonged separations and separations marked by profound
isolation can produce neuroanatomical changes that permanently affect nonhuman primate brain functioning, analogous to the triggering of genuine depressive disorder in humans."

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