Democrats U.S. District Judge Block Alien Enemies Act Of 1798 & War Powers Resolution Act 1973

Democrats U.S. District Judge Block Alien Enemies Act Of 1798 & War Powers Resolution Act 1973 Millions Of Illegal Immigrants Convicted Of Rape And Murder And Sex Slaves & Drugs Who Have Been Released Into U.S.A.! U.S. District Judge James Boasberg Orders Trump Administration To Halt Deportation Of Million Illegal Aliens And Narcotrafficking Gang Members Today.

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Alien Enemies Act of 1798
The Alien Enemies Act of 1798 is a wartime authority that allows the president to detain or deport the natives and citizens of an enemy nation. The act states that whenever there is a declared war or any invasion or predatory incursion is perpetrated, attempted, or threatened against the territory of the United States by any foreign nation or government, all natives, citizens, denizens, or subjects of the hostile nation or government, being of the age of fourteen years and upward, who shall be within the United States and not actually naturalized, shall be liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed as alien enemies.

Alien Enemies Act of 1798: This act grants the president sweeping powers to order the detention and deportation of natives or citizens of an "enemy" nation without following the usual processes. It was passed as part of a series of laws in 1798 when the US believed it would enter a war with France. The act has been invoked three times, all during times of conflict involving the US, most recently during World War II.
The act permits the president to target these immigrants without a hearing and based only on their country of birth or citizenship. It is an overbroad authority that may violate constitutional rights in wartime and is subject to abuse in peacetime.

War Powers Act 1973
The War Powers Act, officially known as the War Powers Resolution, was enacted on November 7, 1973, over President Richard Nixon's veto.
It was designed to limit the U.S. president's ability to initiate or escalate military actions abroad without congressional approval.
The act requires that the president consult with Congress before deploying U.S. armed forces and limits their deployment to 60 days without specific authorization from Congress, with an additional 30-day withdrawal period.

The resolution was introduced by Representative Clement Zablocki and had bipartisan support.
It was passed by both the House of Representatives and the Senate but was vetoed by President Nixon, who argued that the resolution would impose dangerous and unconstitutional restrictions on his powers as commander-in-chief.
However, Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law.

The War Powers Resolution aims to ensure that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President applies to the introduction of U.S. armed forces in hostilities or situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is indicated.
It requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and to provide a report detailing the circumstances under which such hostilities were initiated, the estimated scope and duration of the hostilities, and the constitutional and legislative authority under which the introduction of hostilities took place.

Despite its intentions, the effectiveness of the War Powers Resolution has been questioned. Some argue that it has failed to create better coordination between the executive and legislative branches, while others believe it gives the president too much leeway to commit troops overseas without proper congressional oversight.
Additionally, no legal actions have successfully challenged alleged violations of the act.

The War Powers Resolution remains a contentious issue in U.S. politics, with ongoing debates about its constitutionality and its role in limiting presidential power.

Judge blocks Trump from using 18th-century wartime act for deportations
Trump had invoked the Alien Enemies Act of 1798 to deport five Venezuelans, but order halted by judge

Alien Enemies Act: what is it and can Trump use it to deport gang members? Donald Trump has invoked the wartime Alien Enemies Act of 1798 to deport five Venezuelan nationals from the US.

The White House issued a presidential proclamation on Saturday targeting Venezuelan members of the gang Tren de Aragua, saying: “Tren de Aragua (TdA) is a designated Foreign Terrorist Organization with thousands of members, many of whom have unlawfully infiltrated the United States and are conducting irregular warfare and undertaking hostile actions against the United States.”

Civil liberties organizations have accused Trump of invoking the 1798 act unlawfully during peacetime to accelerate mass deportations and sidestep immigration law.

Hours later, a federal judge temporarily blocked Trump’s administration from using the act to carry out its intended deportations of the Venezuelans.

The US district judge James Boasberg of the federal district court in Washington DC agreed on Saturday to issue a temporary restraining order that prevents the Venezuelans’ deportation for 14 days.

“Given the exigent circumstances that it [the court] has been made aware of this morning, it has determined that an immediate Order is warranted to maintain the status quo until a hearing can be set,” Boasberg wrote in his order.

Boasberg’s decision comes in response to a lawsuit filed the same day by the American Civil Liberties Union and Democracy Forward. The organizations charge that the Trump administration unlawfully invoked the Alien Enemies Act.

In the lawsuit, ACLU and Democracy Forward argued the act has been invoked only three times in the history of the US: the war of 1812, first world war and second world war.

“It cannot be used here against nationals of a country – Venezuela – with whom the United States is not at war, which is not invading the United States and which has not launched a predatory incursion into the United States,” the lawsuit stated.

“The government’s proclamation would allow agents to immediately put noncitizens on planes without any review of any aspect of the determination that they are alien enemies,” the lawsuit added.

At remote hearing before Boasberg, both ACLU and Democracy Forward asked that the temporary restraining order be broadened to everyone in danger of removal under the act, the civil liberties organizations said.

The president had previously ordered his administration to designate Venezuela’s Tren De Aragua gang as a foreign terrorist organization.

With Trump characterizing the gang as a foreign force that is invading the US, civil liberties organizations such as the ACLU feared Trump would invoke the 1798 act “unlawfully during peacetime to accelerate mass deportations, sidestepping the limits of this wartime authority and the procedures and protections in immigration law”.

The 227-year-old law is designed to primarily be used in wartime, and only Congress has the authority to declare a war. But the president does have the discretion to invoke the law to defend against a “threatened or ongoing invasion or predatory incursion”, according to the Brennan Center for Justice, a non-partisan authority on law and policy.

“This law shouldn’t be invoked because migration is not an invasion, and we’re not in a war time,” said Juliana Macedo do Nascimento, the deputy director of federal advocacy for United We Dream, an immigrant rights organization. “It’s extremely horrifying that we, as immigrants, are being labeled as terrorists, as invaders.”

Those subject to the Alien Enemies Act could be deported without a court hearing or asylum interview, and their cases would be governed by wartime authority rather than by immigration law.

The Alien Enemies Act specifically allows the president to detain, relocate, or deport immigrants based on their country of ancestry – and crucially covers not only citizens of hostile nations but also “natives”, which could include people who may have renounced their foreign citizenship and sought legal residency in the US.

The centuries-old law was also used to arrest more than 31,000 people – mostly people of Japanese, German and Italian ancestry – as “alien enemies” during the second world war, and played a role in the mass removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during the war.

Trump has been building his case for invoking the act for years by characterizing the influx of migrants at the southern border as an “invasion”. He also previewed his invocation in an executive order on his inauguration day, directing the secretaries of state to plan by preparing facilities “necessary to expedite the removal” of those subject to the act.

“By invoking the Alien Enemies Act of 1798, I will direct our government to use the full and immense power of federal and state law enforcement to eliminate the presence of all foreign gangs and criminal networks bringing devastating crime to US soil, including our cities and inner cities,” he said in his inaugural address.

Though anti-immigrant politicians and groups have long advocated for the use of the act in response to unlawful border crossings, Macedo do Nascimento said a number of executive orders and congressional policies have already broadened the federal government’s authorities to detain and deport immigrants.

“There are already laws that allow for mass detention. There are already laws, like the Laken Riley Act, that would broaden the dragnet of people who can be detained,” Macedo do Nascimento said. “So the idea of him invoking the Alien Enemies Act feels kind of needless. To me, it is really about building the narrative to label immigrants as terrorists.”

U.S. District Judge James Boasberg Orders Trump Administration to Halt Deportation of Illegal Aliens and Narcotrafficking Gang Members Today.

It will not come as a surprise to CTH readers to hear the name Judge James Boasberg associated with efforts to protect the institutional interests of a corrupt DC deep state. Boasberg has a long, very long, and well documented history of protecting the DC apparatus.

On Saturday, without giving the Trump administration any time to respond, Judge Boasberg issued an immediate temporary restraining order (TRO) blocking DHS, Customs and Border Patrol and ICE from deporting illegal aliens and narcotrafficking gang members belonging to Tren de Aragua (TdA), a designated Foreign Terrorist Organization.

Boasberg ordered the flights of criminal gang members to turn around and immediately bring the criminals back to the USA to enjoy a life of criminal conduct and terrorism in the USA. National security is secondary to the rights of criminal aliens to sell drugs, continue child/sexploitation, murder American citizens and rape their targets.

As I wrote in 2021, Judge James Boasberg has long been severely compromised; there simply is no other way to look at his interception of cases to protect the system, and the depth of his corruption is clearly visible in this set of rulings.

WASHINGTON DC – A federal judge has ordered an immediate hold on efforts by President Donald Trump to quickly deport Venezuelan nationals under rarely used wartime powers intended to resist a foreign invasion — and demanded the return of planes already headed to Central America.

U.S. District Judge James Boasberg on Saturday ordered the Trump administration to immediately halt efforts to remove those Venezuelan migrants until he has more time to consider whether Trump’s use of the Alien Enemies Act was illegal.

[…] “Any plane containing these folks that is going to take off or is in the air needs to be returned to the United States however that is accomplished,” Boasberg announced. “Make sure it’s complied with immediately.”

Two aircraft believed to be carrying Venezuelan deportees took off from an airport in Harlingen, Texas, during a break in a video hearing Boasberg conducted Saturday for the lawsuit filed by immigrant-rights advocates. According to flight tracking databases, one plane was bound for San Salvador, El Salvador, and the other for Comayagua, Honduras, and they were in the air nearing their destinations as Boasberg issued his order. (more)

Judge James Boasberg, an ally of SSCI Chairman Mark Warner, has intercepted several cases that brought sunlight upon the corrupt DC system. In each case Boasberg ruled in favor of maintaining the corruption, including his willfully blind support of the FBI searching NSA databases to conduct illegal surveillance of Americans.

This is the same Judge Boasberg who sat as presiding judge on the FISA court. The same Judge Boasberg who gave FBI lawyer Kevin Clinesmith a slap on the wrist for manufacturing evidence used in the Carter Page FISA application that defrauded the court. The same Judge Boasberg who appointed former DOJ-NSD head Mary McCord as amicus curiae advisor to the court, after she knowingly and fraudulently submitted the FISA application to the court.

This is the same Judge Boasberg gave J6 FBI agent provocateur Ray Epps a sentence of probation. This is the same judge who, on his vacation, went to sit in the DC courtroom to observe defendant President Trump who was forced to appear in DC court. This is the same Boasberg who established a horrible precedent in forcing Vice-President Mike Pence to testify before a DC grand jury about his conversations with President Trump (breaking executive privilege).

Boasberg sits at the epicenter of a thoroughly corrupt and compromised DC court system.

The ‘ah-ha’ moment to understand just how bad James Boasberg was/is, came during his decision to appoint the wife of Chief Justice John Robert’s senior staff Sheldon Snook, Mrs. Mary McCord as amicus to the FISA Court. {GO DEEP}

It will be interesting to watch how this case, appeal and challenge ends up. EXECUTIVE ORDER – Tren de Aragua (TdA) is a designated Foreign Terrorist Organization with thousands of members, many of whom have unlawfully infiltrated the United States and are conducting irregular warfare and undertaking hostile actions against the United States. TdA operates in conjunction with Cártel de los Soles, the Nicolas Maduro regime-sponsored, narco-terrorism enterprise based in Venezuela, and commits brutal crimes, including murders, kidnappings, extortions, and human, drug, and weapons trafficking. TdA has engaged in and continues to engage in mass illegal migration to the United States to further its objectives of harming United States citizens, undermining public safety, and supporting the Maduro regime’s goal of destabilizing democratic nations in the Americas, including the United States.

In September 2002, Boasberg became an associate judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, appointed by President George W. Bush. He served in the civil and criminal divisions, and the domestic violence branch, until his appointment to the federal bench in 2011. During the 111th Congress, Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton recommended Boasberg to fill a judicial vacancy on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. On June 17, 2010, President Barack Obama formally nominated Boasberg to the district court for the District of Columbia. Boasberg was confirmed on March 14, 2011 by a 96–0 vote. He received his commission on March 17, 2011. He became the chief judge on March 17, 2023.

Boasberg is considered a feeder judge, sending numerous clerks to the Supreme Court.

Appointment to United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
On February 7, 2014, Chief Justice John G. Roberts announced that he would appoint Boasberg to the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court for a term starting May 18, 2014 to a seat being vacated by Reggie Walton. His term began May 18, 2014. On December 20, 2019, the FISC announced he will replace the presiding judge FISC January 1, 2020 and elevated to preside. His term as presiding judge and judge of the FISC ended on May 19, 2021.

Appointment to Alien Terrorist Removal court
In 2020, he was appointed to the United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court and designated chief judge. His term ended in 2025.

Notable rulings
Osama Bin Laden photos
On April 26, 2012, Boasberg ruled that the public had no right to view government photos of a deceased Osama bin Laden. Judicial Watch, a conservative legal group, had filed a request under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), but were unsuccessful in convincing Boasberg that FOIA rights outweighed national-security factors.

Hillary Clinton Emails
On August 22, 2016, Boasberg ordered the release of over 14,000 emails found in the United States Department of State correspondence of Hillary Clinton by the FBI during an investigation of Clinton's private server. These emails were requested by Judicial Watch, a conservative legal group, because the FBI had indicated that emails were work-related and not entirely private as Clinton had previously said.

Trump tax returns
On August 18, 2017, Boasberg dismissed a lawsuit from the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), which had sued the IRS under FOIA seeking President Donald Trump's personal tax returns from 2010 to the present to be released. Boasberg concluded that because personal tax returns are confidential, they may only be obtained either by permission from Trump himself or if Congress' joint committee on taxation signed off to allow the disclosure.

Medicaid work rules
On March 27, 2019, Boasberg blocked a work requirement for recipients of Medicaid in Arkansas and Kentucky.

Dakota Access Pipeline
On March 25, 2020, Boasberg ordered a sweeping new environmental review by the Army Corps of Engineers of the Dakota Access Pipeline.

In a subsequent decision on July 6, 2020, he vacated an easement to cross the Missouri River pending completion of the environmental review and ordered the pipeline to be emptied within 30 days. On August 5, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upheld the ruling regarding the easement; however, the judges vacated the order to empty the pipeline and asked the Army Corps of Engineers to submit a follow-up brief on whether they would allow continued pipeline operation without the easement.

North Atlantic Right Whale
On April 9, 2020, Boasberg issued an opinion finding that the National Marine Fisheries Service violated the Endangered Species Act when it issued a biological opinion in 2014 allowing for the accidental killings of North Atlantic right whales, of which only about 400 remain as of April 8, 2020; by the American lobster fishery, which consists of seven areas spanning the east coast from Maine to North Carolina.

Deportations
In early 2025, the Trump administration began deporting Venezuelan nationals alleged to be members of Tren de Aragua, citing the Alien Enemies Act of 1798 as justification. However, on March 15, 2025, Boasberg issued a 14-day restraining order, stating that he did not believe federal law permits the Trump administration to bypass removal proceedings in this manner. Specifically, Boasberg noted there is no historical precedent for this kind of deportation when Congress has not declared war. In response, Attorney General Pam Bondi criticized Boasberg. Though Boasberg specifically ordered that any planes in the air carrying those covered by his order be turned back and those individuals returned to the US, the Trump administration allowed flights carrying migrants from Venezuela to proceed to El Salvador, possibly violating the court order.

Axios reported one Trump administration official acknowledging that the Trump administration had carried out the deportations "after a discussion about how far the judge's ruling can go under the circumstances and over international waters and, on advice of counsel", while a second Trump administration official commented: "They were already outside of US airspace. We believe the order [by the judge] is not applicable". Later, White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt stated that Boasberg's order "had no lawful basis" and was given after the accused "had already been removed from U.S. territory", while further stating: "A single judge in a single city cannot direct the movements of an aircraft carrier".

Date:1973

Annotation: War Powers Act of 1973.

Watergate brought a halt to the "imperial presidency" and the growth of presidential power. Over the president's veto, Congress enacted the War Powers Act (1973), which required future presidents to obtain authorization from Congress to engage U.S. forces in foreign combat for more than 90 days. Under the law, a president who orders troops into action abroad must report the reason for this action to Congress within 48 hours.

However, the War Powers Act has never been invoked.

Document: War Powers Act Public Law 93-148 93rd Congress, H. J. Res. 542 Concerning the war powers of Congress and the President.

Short Title

Section 1.

This joint resolution may be cited as the "War Powers Resolution".

Purpose And Policy

Sec. 2.

(a) It is the purpose of this joint resolution to fulfill the intent of the framers of the Constitution of the United States and insure that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President will apply to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicate by the circumstances, and to the continued use of such forces in hostilities or in such situations.

(b) Under article I, section 8, of the Constitution, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

(c) The constitutional powers of the President as Commander-in-Chief to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, are exercised only pursuant to (1) a declaration of war, (2) specific statutory authorization, or (3) a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces.

Consultation

Sec. 3.

The President in every possible instance shall consult with Congress before introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situation where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, and after every such introduction shall consult regularly with the Congress until United States Armed Forces are no longer engaged in hostilities or have been removed from such situations.

Reporting

Sec. 4.

(a) In the absence of a declaration of war, in any case in which United States Armed Forces are introduced--

(1) into hostilities or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances;

(2) into the territory, airspace or waters of a foreign nation, while equipped for combat, except for deployments which relate solely to supply, replacement, repair, or training of such forces; or

(3) in numbers which substantially enlarge United States Armed Forces equipped for combat already located in a foreign nation; the president shall submit within 48 hours to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the President pro tempore of the Senate a report, in writing, setting forth--

(A) the circumstances necessitating the introduction of United States Armed Forces;

(B) the constitutional and legislative authority under which such introduction took place; and

(C) the estimated scope and duration of the hostilities or involvement.

(b) The President shall provide such other information as the Congress may request in the fulfillment of its constitutional responsibilities with respect to committing the Nation to war and to the use of United States Armed Forces abroad

(c) Whenever United States Armed Forces are introduced into hostilities or into any situation described in sub section (a) of this section, the President shall, so long as such armed forces continue to be engaged in such hostilities or situation, report to the Congress periodically on the status of such hostilities or situation as well as on the scope and duration of such hostilities or situation, but in no event shall he report to the Congress less often than once every six months.

Congressional Action

Sec. 5.

(a) Each report submitted pursuant to section 4(a) (1) shall be transmitted to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the President pro tempore of the Senate on the same calendar day. Each report so transmitted shall be referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate for appropriate action. If, when the report is transmitted, the Congress has adjourned sine die or has adjourned for any period in excess of three calendar days, the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate, if they deem it advisable (or if petitioned by at least 30 percent of the membership of their respective Houses) shall jointly request the President to convene Congress in order that it may consider the report and take appropriate action pursuant to this section.

(b) Within sixty calendar days after a report is submitted or is required to be submitted pursuant to section 4(a)(1), whichever is earlier, the President shall terminate any use of Untied States Armed Forces with respect to which such report was submitted (or required to be submitted), unless the Congress

(1) has declared war or has enacted a specific authorization for such use of United States Armed Forces,

(2) has extended by law such sixty-day period, or

(3) is physically unable to meet as a result of an armed attack upon the United States. Such sixty-day period shall be extended for not more than an additional thirty days if the President determines and certifies to the Congress in writing that unavoidable military necessity respecting the safety of United States Armed Forces requires the continued use of such armed forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces.

(c) Notwithstanding subsection (b), at any time that United States Armed Forces are engaged in hostilities outside the territory of the United States, its possessions and territories without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization, such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution.

Congressional Priority Procedures For Joint Resolution Or Bill

Sec. 6.

(a) Any joint resolution or bill introduced pursuant to section 5(b) at least thirty calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day period specified in such section shall be referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives or the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, as the case may be, and such committee shall report one such joint resolution or bill, together with its recommendations, not later than twenty-four calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day period specified in such section, unless such House shall otherwise determine by the yeas and nays.

(b) Any joint resolution or bill so reported shall become the pending business of the House in question (in the case of the Senate the time for debate shall be equally divided between the proponents and the opponents), and shall be voted on within three calendar days thereafter, unless such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

(c) Such a joint resolution or bill passed by one House shall be referred to the committee of the other House named in subsection (a) and shall be reported out not later than fourteen calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day period specified in section 5(b). The joint resolution or bill so reported shall become the pending business of the House in question and shall be voted on within three calendar days after it has been reported, unless such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

(d) In the case of any disagreement between the two Houses of Congress with respect to a joint resolution or bill passed by both Houses, conferees shall be promptly appointed and the committee of conference shall make and file a report with respect to such resolution or bill not later than four calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day period specified in section 5(b). In the event the conferees are unable to agree within 48 hours, they shall report back to their respective Houses in disagreement. Notwithstanding any rule in either House concerning the printing of conference reports in the Record or concerning any delay in the consideration of such reports, such report shall be acted on by both Houses not later than the expiration of such sixty-day period.

Congressional Priority Procedures For Concurrent Resolution

Sec. 7.

(a) Any concurrent resolution introduced pursuant to section 5(b) at least thirty calendar days before the expiration of the sixty-day period specified in such section shall be referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives or the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, as the case may be, and one such concurrent resolution shall be reported out by such committee together with its recommendations within fifteen calendar days, unless such House shall otherwise determine by the yeas and nays.

(b) Any concurrent resolution so reported shall become the pending business of the House in question (in the case of the Senate the time for debate shall be equally divided between the proponents and the opponents), and shall be voted on within three calendar days thereafter, unless such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

(c) Such a concurrent resolution passed by one House shall be referred to the committee of the other House named in subsection (a) and shall be reported out by such committee together with its recommendations within fifteen calendar days and shall thereupon become the pending business of such House and shall be voted on within three calendar days after it has been reported, unless such House shall otherwise determine by yeas and nays.

(d) In the case of any disagreement between the two Houses of Congress with respect to a concurrent resolution passed by both Houses, conferees shall be promptly appointed and the committee of conference shall make and file a report with respect to such concurrent resolution within six calendar days after the legislation is referred to the committee of conference. Notwithstanding any rule in either House concerning the printing of conference reports in the Record or concerning any delay in the consideration of such reports, such report shall be acted on by both Houses not later than six calendar days after the conference report is filed. In the event the conferees are unable to agree within 48 hours, they shall report back to their respective Houses in disagreement.

Interpretation Of Joint Resolution

Sec. 8.

(a) Authority to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations wherein involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances shall not be inferred--

(1) from any provision of law (whether or not in effect before the date of the enactment of this joint resolution), including any provision contained in any appropriation Act, unless such provision specifically authorizes the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into such situations and stating that it is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of this joint resolution; or

(2) from any treaty heretofore or hereafter ratified unless such treaty is implemented by legislation specifically authorizing the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into such situations and stating that it is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of this joint resolution.

(b) Nothing in this joint resolution shall be construed to require any further specific statutory authorization to permit members of United States Armed Forces to participate jointly with members of the armed forces of one or more foreign countries in the headquarters operations of high-level military commands which were established prior to the date of enactment of this joint resolution and pursuant to the United Nations Charter or any treaty ratified by the United States prior to such date.

(c) For purposes of this joint resolution, the term "introduction of United States Armed Forces" includes the assignment of member of such armed forces to command, coordinate, participate in the movement of, or accompany the regular or irregular military forces of any foreign country or government when such military forces are engaged, or there exists an imminent threat that such forces will become engaged, in hostilities.

(d) Nothing in this joint resolution--

(1) is intended to alter the constitutional authority of the Congress or of the President, or the provision of existing treaties; or

(2) shall be construed as granting any authority to the President with respect to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations wherein involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances which authority he would not have had in the absence of this joint resolution.

Separability Clause

Sec. 9.

If any provision of this joint resolution or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the remainder of the joint resolution and the application of such provision to any other person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.

Effective Date

Sec. 10.

This joint resolution shall take effect on the date of its enactment.

Invocation of the Alien Enemies Act Regarding the Invasion of The United States by Tren De Aragua. March 15, 2025.

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

A PROCLAMATION

Tren de Aragua (TdA) is a designated Foreign Terrorist Organization with thousands of members, many of whom have unlawfully infiltrated the United States and are conducting irregular warfare and undertaking hostile actions against the United States. TdA operates in conjunction with Cártel de los Soles, the Nicolas Maduro regime-sponsored, narco-terrorism enterprise based in Venezuela, and commits brutal crimes, including murders, kidnappings, extortions, and human, drug, and weapons trafficking. TdA has engaged in and continues to engage in mass illegal migration to the United States to further its objectives of harming United States citizens, undermining public safety, and supporting the Maduro regime’s goal of destabilizing democratic nations in the Americas, including the United States.

TdA is closely aligned with, and indeed has infiltrated, the Maduro regime, including its military and law enforcement apparatus. TdA grew significantly while Tareck El Aissami served as governor of Aragua between 2012 and 2017. In 2017, El Aissami was appointed as Vice President of Venezuela. Soon thereafter, the United States Department of the Treasury designated El Aissami as a Specially Designated Narcotics Trafficker under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, 21 U.S.C. 1901 et seq. El Aissami is currently a United States fugitive facing charges arising from his violations of United States sanctions triggered by his Department of the Treasury designation.

Like El Aissami, Nicolas Maduro, who claims to act as Venezuela’s President and asserts control over the security forces and other authorities in Venezuela, also maintains close ties to regime-sponsored narco-terrorists. Maduro leads the regime-sponsored enterprise Cártel de los Soles, which coordinates with and relies on TdA and other organizations to carry out its objective of using illegal narcotics as a weapon to “flood” the United States. In 2020, Maduro and other regime members were charged with narcoterrorism and other crimes in connection with this plot against America.

Over the years, Venezuelan national and local authorities have ceded ever-greater control over their territories to transnational criminal organizations, including TdA. The result is a hybrid criminal state that is perpetrating an invasion of and predatory incursion into the United States, and which poses a substantial danger to the United States. Indeed, in December 2024, INTERPOL Washington confirmed: “Tren de Aragua has emerged as a significant threat to the United States as it infiltrates migration flows from Venezuela.” Evidence irrefutably demonstrates that TdA has invaded the United States and continues to invade, attempt to invade, and threaten to invade the country; perpetrated irregular warfare within the country; and used drug trafficking as a weapon against our citizens.

Based upon a review of TdA’s activities, and in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of the Treasury, on February 20, 2025, acting pursuant to the authority in 8 U.S.C. 1189, the Secretary of State designated TdA as a Foreign Terrorist Organization.

As President of the United States and Commander in Chief, it is my solemn duty to protect the American people from the devastating effects of this invasion. NOW, THEREFORE, I, DONALD J. TRUMP, President of the United States of America, by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Alien Enemies Act, 50 U.S.C. 21 et seq., hereby proclaim and direct as follows:

Section 1. I find and declare that TdA is perpetrating, attempting, and threatening an invasion or predatory incursion against the territory of the United States. TdA is undertaking hostile actions and conducting irregular warfare against the territory of the United States both directly and at the direction, clandestine or otherwise, of the Maduro regime in Venezuela. I make these findings using the full extent of my authority to conduct the Nation’s foreign affairs under the Constitution. Based on these findings, and by the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including 50 U.S.C. 21, I proclaim that all Venezuelan citizens 14 years of age or older who are members of TdA, are within the United States, and are not actually naturalized or lawful permanent residents of the United States are liable to be apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed as Alien Enemies. I further find and declare that all such members of TdA are, by virtue of their membership in that organization, chargeable with actual hostility against the United States and are therefore ineligible for the benefits of 50 U.S.C. 22. I further find and declare that all such members of TdA are a danger to the public peace or safety of the United States.

Sec. 2. I direct the Attorney General, within 60 days of the date of this proclamation, to prepare and publish a letter under her signature declaring the policy described in section 1 of this proclamation as the policy of the United States and attaching this proclamation. I direct the Attorney General to transmit this letter to the Chief Justice of the United States, the chief judge of every circuit court of appeals, the chief judge of every district and territorial court of the United States, each Governor of a State and territory of the United States, and the highest-ranking judicial officer of each State and territory of the United States.

Sec. 3. I direct that all Alien Enemies described in section 1 of this proclamation are subject to immediate apprehension, detention, and removal, and further that they shall not be permitted residence in the United States.

Sec. 4. Pursuant to the Alien Enemies Act, the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall, consistent with applicable law, apprehend, restrain, secure, and remove every Alien Enemy described in section 1 of this proclamation. The Secretary of Homeland Security retains discretion to apprehend and remove any Alien Enemy under any separate authority.

Sec. 5. All executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall collaborate with law enforcement officials of the United States and with appropriate State, local, and tribal officials, to use all lawful means to apprehend, restrain, secure, and remove Alien Enemies described in section 1 of this proclamation.

Sec. 6. Pursuant to my authority under 50 U.S.C. 21 to direct the conduct to be observed on the part of the United States toward the Alien Enemies subject to this proclamation, to direct the manner and degree of the restraint to which such Alien Enemies shall be subject and in what cases, to provide for the removal of such Alien Enemies, and to establish any other regulations which are found necessary “in the premises and for the public safety,” I hereby direct the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security to execute all the regulations hereinafter contained regarding the Alien Enemies described in section 1 of this proclamation. The Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security are further directed to cause the apprehension, detention, and removal of all members of TdA who otherwise qualify as Alien Enemies under section 1 of this proclamation. The Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security are authorized to take all necessary actions under the Alien Enemies Act to effectuate this proclamation, consistent with applicable law. In doing so, and for such purpose, they are authorized to utilize agents, agencies, and officers of the United States Government and of the several States, territories, dependencies, and municipalities thereof and of the District of Columbia. All such agents, agencies, and officers are hereby granted full authority for all acts done by them in the execution of such regulations when acting by direction of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security, as the case may be.

Pursuant to the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the Alien Enemies Act, 50 U.S.C. 21 et seq., I hereby declare and establish the following regulations which I find necessary “in the premises and for the public safety”:

(a) No Alien Enemy described in section 1 of this proclamation shall enter, attempt to enter, or be found within any territory subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. Any such Alien Enemy who enters, attempts to enter, or is found within such territory shall be immediately apprehended and detained until removed from the United States. All such Alien Enemies, wherever found within any territory subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, are subject to summary apprehension.

(b) Alien Enemies apprehended pursuant to this proclamation shall be subject to detention until removed from the United States in such place of detention as may be directed by the officers responsible for the execution of these regulations.

(c) Alien Enemies shall be subject to removal to any such location as may be directed by the officers responsible for the execution of these regulations consistent with applicable law.

(d) All property in the possession of, or traceable to, an Alien Enemy, which is used, intended to be used, or is commonly used to perpetrate the hostile activity and irregular warfare of TdA, along with evidence of such hostile activity and irregular warfare, shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture.

The Attorney General is further granted authority, pursuant to the Alien Enemies Act and 3 U.S.C. 301, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, to issue any guidance necessary to effectuate the prompt apprehension, detention, and removal of all Alien Enemies described in section 1 of this proclamation. Any such guidance shall be effective immediately upon issuance by the Attorney General.

This proclamation and the directives and regulations prescribed herein shall extend and apply to all land and water, continental or insular, in any way within the jurisdiction of the United States.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this
fourteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty-five, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-ninth.

War Powers Act 1973
The War Powers Act, officially known as the War Powers Resolution, was enacted on November 7, 1973, over President Richard Nixon's veto.
It was designed to limit the U.S. president's ability to initiate or escalate military actions abroad without congressional approval.
The act requires that the president consult with Congress before deploying U.S. armed forces and limits their deployment to 60 days without specific authorization from Congress, with an additional 30-day withdrawal period.

The resolution was introduced by Representative Clement Zablocki and had bipartisan support.
It was passed by both the House of Representatives and the Senate but was vetoed by President Nixon, who argued that the resolution would impose dangerous and unconstitutional restrictions on his powers as commander-in-chief.
However, Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law.

The War Powers Resolution aims to ensure that the collective judgment of both the Congress and the President applies to the introduction of U.S. armed forces in hostilities or situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is indicated.
It requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and to provide a report detailing the circumstances under which such hostilities were initiated, the estimated scope and duration of the hostilities, and the constitutional and legislative authority under which the introduction of hostilities took place.

Despite its intentions, the effectiveness of the War Powers Resolution has been questioned. Some argue that it has failed to create better coordination between the executive and legislative branches, while others believe it gives the president too much leeway to commit troops overseas without proper congressional oversight.
Additionally, no legal actions have successfully challenged alleged violations of the act.

The War Powers Resolution remains a contentious issue in U.S. politics, with ongoing debates about its constitutionality and its role in limiting presidential power.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798). Passed in preparation for an anticipated war with France, the Alien and Sedition Acts tightened restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government.

In 1798, the United States stood on the brink of war with France. The Federalist Party, which advocated for a strong central government, believed that Democratic-Republican criticism of Federalist policies was disloyal and feared that "aliens," or non-citizens, living in the United States would sympathize with the French during a war.

As a result, a Federalist-controlled Congress passed four laws, known collectively as the Alien and Sedition Acts. These laws raised the residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years, authorized the president to deport "aliens," and permitted their arrest, imprisonment, and deportation during wartime. The Sedition Act made it a crime for American citizens to "print, utter, or publish...any false, scandalous, and malicious writing" about the government.

The laws were directed against Democratic-Republicans, the party typically favored by new citizens. The only journalists prosecuted under the Sedition Act were editors of Democratic-Republican newspapers.

Sedition Act trials, along with the Senate's use of its contempt powers to suppress dissent, set off a firestorm of criticism against the Federalists and contributed to their defeat in the election of 1800, after which the acts were repealed or allowed to expire. The controversies surrounding them, however, provided for some of the first tests of the limits of freedom of speech and press.

Did Trump Administration Ignore A Court Order? Judge Demands Trump Officials Explain. The Trump administration will have to clarify in court Monday whether its decision to send more than 250 alleged members of Venezuelan gang Tren de Aragua to El Salvador violated a court order, after media reports and comments by Trump officials suggest the White House may have disregarded a judge’s Saturday evening ruling.

Key Facts
Judge James Boasberg scheduled a hearing for 5 p.m. EDT Monday to probe whether the Trump administration deported migrants believed to have ties to Tren de Aragua despite Boasberg’s Saturday evening ruling prohibiting the deportations.

The hearing will focus on the timing of the deportations: After Trump invoked the Alien Enemies Act in an executive order Saturday, Boasberg verbally blocked the executive order in court at approximately 6:45 p.m. EDT, and then issued a written order at 7:26 p.m. EDT.

Boasberg blocked the administration from removing any noncitizens in U.S. custody subject to Trump’s executive order, unless they were otherwise “subject to removal” from the U.S., for at least 14 days—including ordering flights that were already midair to turn around and return to the U.S., Politico reports.

Despite Boasberg’s order, Secretary of State Marco Rubio said on X on Sunday morning the Trump administration had “sent over 250 alien enemy members of Tren de Aragua” to El Salvador to be held in prisons there and shared video from El Salvador President Nayib Bukele appearing to show migrants arriving in the Central American country at night.

White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said Sunday morning the Trump administration had arrested nearly 300 members of Tren de Aragua “at the president’s direction,” and “these heinous monsters were extracted and removed to El Salvador where they will no longer be able to pose any threat to the American People.”

In a court filing Sunday, government attorneys told Boasberg that the plaintiffs involved with the lawsuit are still in the U.S., but acknowledged some alleged Tren de Aragua members were removed from the U.S. under Trump’s executive order, which the government claimed was done prior to Boasberg’s evening ruling barring the Trump administration from deporting them.

After media reports suggested Trump officials did ignore the court’s ruling, the American Civil Liberties Union—which brought the lawsuit—asked Boasberg to order Trump officials to submit sworn declarations stating whether the flights to El Salvador took off before or after the judge’s ruling, saying the plaintiffs are “extremely concerned that ... the government may have violated the Court’s command.”

Boasberg ordered the Trump defendants to respond to the questions the ACLU posed about the flights’ timing, telling the Trump administration it should be prepared then to address the plaintiffs’ questions during Monday’s hearing.

The White House directed Forbes to Leavitt’s statement when approached for comment about whether the removals were in line with the court order, though Leavitt later issued an updated statement, saying, “The Administration did not ‘refuse to comply’ with a court order” and that “the order, which had no lawful basis, was issued after terrorist TdA aliens had already been removed from U.S. territory.”

Did The Trump Administration Violate Boasberg’s Court Order?
Citing anonymous sources, Axios reported Sunday White House officials admitted they had ignored the court’s order, as the migrants’ flights were in the air by the time Boasberg ruled, but the administration believed the order didn’t apply because the flight was over international waters. Flight logs submitted to the court show two flights departed the U.S. prior to Boasberg blocking the Trump administration’s order, and landing in Honduras and El Salvador after the judge’s order had been issued. Aaron Reichlin-Melnick, senior counsel at the American Immigration Council, rejected the administration’s legal argument in a post Sunday on X and called it “outrageous,” noting the judge’s ruling was not against the plane itself, but “went against government agencies which were in the U.S., and which were in direct contact with the plane.” Boasberg said during a hearing Saturday that he lost jurisdiction over the flights only when they landed and the migrants were turned over to foreign governments, the plaintiffs noted in their filing, suggesting the judge still had the power to halt flights that were still in progress. The ACLU also pointed to media reports and public flight logs suggesting there was a third flight that departed after Boasberg’s ruling and written order, which would have directly contradicted the court even under the Trump administration’s interpretation of the law.

What Has The White House Said?
In her updated statement Sunday, Leavitt claimed Boasberg’s “written order and the Administration's actions do not conflict,” though she did not comment on the earlier ruling Boasberg made from the bench. The press secretary also claimed the judge did not have authority over the administration’s actions, alleging, “Federal courts generally have no jurisdiction over the President's conduct of foreign affairs, his authorities under the Alien Enemies Act, and his core Article II powers to remove foreign alien terrorists from U.S. soil and repel a declared invasion.” “A single judge in a single city cannot direct the movements of an aircraft carrier full of foreign alien terrorists who were physically expelled from U.S. soil,” Leavitt claimed, though it remains to be seen whether those arguments will hold up in court. Vice President JD Vance also shared a link on X to Axios’ piece reporting the administration had ignored the court order, writing, “There were violent criminals and rapists in our country. Democrats fought to keep them here. President Trump deported them.”

Crucial Quote
Bukele shared a headline about Boasberg’s order blocking the deportations on X on Sunday morning, writing, “Oopsie… Too late,” and posting a laughing emoji.

What Has Trump Said?
Trump commented on the deportations to El Salvador on Truth Social on Sunday, sharing a video of migrants’ arrival in El Salvador and writing, “These are the monsters sent into our Country by Crooked Joe Biden and the Radical Left Democrats. How dare they! Thank you to El Salvador and, in particular, President Bukele, for your understanding of this horrible situation.”

What To Watch For
Boasberg’s ruling is only a temporary ruling in the case while litigation moves forward, blocking Trump’s executive order for 14 days or until a further order in the case is issued. The Trump administration suggested in its court filing Sunday it will continue to deport alleged members of Tren de Aragua during that time under other provisions of immigration law, writing, “Federal Defendants will continue to protect the United States using authorities other than the Proclamation.” The lawsuit over the migrants’ removal is also likely to ramp up in light of the Trump administration potentially defying the court, as some legal experts have called for Boasberg to hold the government in contempt. White House sources cited by Axios suggest they expected the legal battle to reach the nation’s high court, with one senior official telling the outlet, “This is headed to the Supreme Court. And we’re going to win.”

What Is Tren De Aragua?
Tren De Aragua is a criminal organization that formed in a Venezuelan prison but has spread throughout Latin America, with reports of gang activity in Chile, Brazil and Colombia, where Tren De Aragua was accused of 23 murders in 2022. There has been activity by the gang reported in the U.S., including 10 alleged gang members being indicted in New York City in January for alleged gun trafficking, and Tren de Aragua allegedly operating a sex trafficking ring in Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Florida and New Jersey. The Times notes their actions have largely targeted members of the Venezuelan community, and in New York City, the gang has also led operations including pickpocketing cell phones, retail theft and dealing drugs. While Tren de Aragua does have a confirmed presence in the U.S., it’s also been the subject of misinformation from Republicans, most notably when Trump made false claims during the presidential election of a “complete gang takeover” of Aurora, Colorado, by the group.

Who Was Deported?
Immigration attorneys have alleged some of the people swept up and potentially deported to El Salvador under the Trump administration’s efforts against Tren de Aragua were not actually members of the gang. The lawsuit that led to Boasberg’s order was brought on behalf of multiple migrants who say they were targeted by Immigration and Customs Enforcement despite not having any ties to Tren de Aragua, with several noting they had instead sought asylum in the U.S. because they were afraid of being victimized by the gang. One plaintiff also alleged they had been falsely targeted by immigration officials because they have tattoos. Lindsay Toczylowski, co-founder and CEO of the Immigrant Defenders Law Center, similarly said on X on Saturday she has a client who’s an LGBTQ artist from Venezuela, whom ICE had falsely claimed was a member of Tren de Aragua, submitting photos of his tattoos as evidence. The group’s client has now “been disappeared” ahead of a planned hearing Monday in which lawyers were due to submit evidence showing he was not a member of Tren de Aragua, Toczylowski said, and the organization believes he may have been sent to El Salvador despite not having the opportunity to prove his innocence at a hearing.

What Is The Alien Enemies Act?
The Alien Enemies Act gives presidents broad power to detain immigrants from countries the U.S. is at war with. Presidents can direct that “all natives, citizens, denizens, or subjects” of a country the U.S. is at war with, who are male and at least 14 years old, can be “apprehended, restrained, secured, and removed as alien enemies.” It can also be applied in cases involving “any invasion or predatory incursion [that] is perpetrated, attempted, or threatened against the territory of the United States by any foreign nation or government.” The law, first enacted in 1798, is best known for being used against Japanese, Italian and German nationals during World War II, but has also been invoked during the War of 1812 and World War I. Trump invoked the law Saturday after floating during the presidential election that he could use it, claiming in his executive order Tren de Aragua was “undertaking hostile actions and conducting irregular warfare” against the U.S. “both directly and at the direction” of the Venezuelan government under President Nicolás Maduro.

Key Background
Trump’s hardline stance on immigration has been a centerpiece of his policy agenda, as the president has sought to ramp up deportations of undocumented immigrants, curbed asylum and refugee admissions and imposed tariffs on Mexico and Canada in part because he believed they were not doing enough to curb an influx of migrants into the U.S. Trump’s invocation of the Alien Enemies Act comes after reports of Trump officials being disappointed by the administration’s deportation efforts not moving faster, as immigration facilities have reportedly filled to capacity with arrested immigrants but deportations have not moved at the same pace. The deportations to El Salvador come as the Trump administration has sparked concerns the White House could defy the numerous court orders that have been issued against Trump’s policies, as Trump and his allies have ramped up attacks on the judiciary and Vice President JD Vance said in February that judges “aren’t allowed” to control Trump. There has previously not been an indication that the Trump administration has intentionally violated any court orders, however, and the administration has taken pains to say in court filings that it has followed rulings even that it disagrees with. Leavitt in an interview Sunday on Fox News denied the Trump administration ever acting unlawfully, claiming in response to a general question about judges who had issued rulings against the administration, “Everything President Trump is doing is within his executive authority” and the president “is acting within the bounds of the law.” “All of his actions are constitutional,” Leavitt said on “Sunday Morning Futures,” claiming federal judges are “acting as activists, not real arbiters of the law.”

Trump administration deports Venezuelans despite court order, says judge has no authority. Trump administration deports more than 200 Venezuelans despite court order
Legal experts condemn move, one says it's 'beyond the pale'
Trump administration denies defying judge, but says it doesn't have to follow his ruling
March 16 - The Trump administration has deported alleged members of a Venezuelan gang from the U.S. despite a court order forbidding it from doing so, saying in an extraordinary statement that a judge did not have the authority to block its actions.
The deportation operation followed a move by Judge James Boasberg to block President Donald Trump's use of the Alien Enemies Act's wartime powers to rapidly deport more than 200 alleged members of Tren de Aragua, a Venezuelan gang that has been linked to kidnapping, extortion and contract killings.
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"A single judge in a single city cannot direct the movements of an aircraft ... full of foreign alien terrorists who were physically expelled from U.S. soil," White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said in a statement.
She said the court had "no lawful basis" and that federal courts generally have no jurisdiction over how a president conducts foreign affairs.
The turn of events represented a remarkable escalation in Trump's challenge to the U.S. Constitution's system of checks and balances and the independence of the judicial branch of government.
Patrick Eddington, a homeland security and civil liberties legal expert at the libertarian Cato Institute, said that, whatever it might say, the White House was in "open defiance" of the judge.
"This is beyond the pale and certainly unprecedented," Eddington said, calling it the most radical test of America's system of checks and balances since the Civil War.
When asked whether his administration had violated the court order, Trump deferred to the lawyers.
"I can tell you this: these were bad people,” Trump told reporters aboard Air Force One, referring to the alleged gang members.
'COMMENSURATE TO WAR'
In a Saturday evening hearing, Boasberg blocked the use of the law for 14 days, saying the statute refers to "hostile acts" perpetrated by another country that are "commensurate to war."
Trump said he was justified in using the Act because he saw the increase in immigration in recent years as similar to war.
"This is war. In many respects it's more dangerous than war because, you know, in a war they have uniforms. You know who you're shooting at, you know who you're going after."
Boasberg said during the hearing that any flights carrying migrants processed under the law should return to the U.S. His written notice hit the case docket at 7:25 p.m. ET (23:25 GMT).
The following day, El Salvador's President Nayib Bukele posted footage to the social media site X showing men being hustled off a plane in the dark of night amid a massive security presence.
"Oopsie... Too late," Bukele posted above a headline, "Fed judge orders deportation flights carrying alleged Venezuelan gangbangers to return to the US."
Bukele followed the comment by a laughing-so-hard-I'm-crying emoji. His statement was reposted by U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio, who also thanked Bukele for his "assistance and friendship."

In her statement, Leavitt said that "the written order and the Administration's actions do not conflict" and that courts have "generally have no jurisdiction" over the president's "powers to remove foreign alien terrorists from U.S. soil and repel a declared invasion."
Although the Trump administration has variously described the Venezuelans as gang members, "monsters," or "alien terrorists," Reuters has not been able to independently verify if the men are gang members or have criminal records.
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Salvadoran government did not respond to requests for comment.

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