#OnThisDate February 3, 1913: Income Tax Empowered

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The United States Ratified The Sixteenth Amendment, Granting Congress The Authority To Levy Income Taxes Without Apportioning Them Among The States. This Change Addressed Limitations Imposed By The Supreme Court's 1895 Decision In Pollock V. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., Which Had Declared Previous Federal Income Taxes Unconstitutional.

During The Civil War, Congress Enacted The Revenue Act Of 1862, Introducing A Temporary Income Tax To Fund War Expenses. This Tax Was Repealed In 1872. In 1894, Congress Attempted To Implement A Peacetime Income Tax Through The Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act. However, The Supreme Court's Ruling In Pollock Deemed Taxes On Income From Property As Direct Taxes, Requiring Apportionment Among The States, Rendering The 1894 Income Tax Unconstitutional.

In Response To The Pollock Decision, Congress Proposed The Sixteenth Amendment On July 2, 1909. The Amendment Sought To Clarify Congress's Power To Tax Incomes Without Apportionment. Over The Next Few Years, State Legislatures Debated Its Adoption. By February 3, 1913, The Necessary Three-Fourths Of States Had Ratified The Amendment, Officially Incorporating It Into The Constitution.

Following Ratification, Congress Enacted The Revenue Act Of 1913, Reintroducing A Federal Income Tax. The Act Imposed A One Percent Tax On Personal Incomes Above Three Thousand Dollars And A Six Percent Tax On Incomes Exceeding Five Hundred Thousand Dollars. This Legislation Marked The Beginning Of A Consistent Federal Income Tax System, Providing A Significant Revenue Source For The Government.

The Sixteenth Amendment's Ratification Represented A Transformative Moment In American Fiscal Policy. It Enabled The Federal Government To Generate Revenue Directly From Citizens' Incomes, Reducing Reliance On Tariffs And Excise Taxes. This Shift Allowed For Expanded Federal Programs And Services, Shaping The Modern Relationship Between The Government And Its Citizens.

The Ratification Of The Sixteenth Amendment On February 3, 1913, Was A Landmark Event That Redefined Federal Taxation Authority. By Empowering Congress To Levy Income Taxes Without Apportionment, It Addressed Previous Constitutional Challenges And Established A Foundation For The Contemporary Fiscal Landscape Of The United States.

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