Rutherford B Hayes and the Most Controversial Election in American History

Rutherford B Hayes and the Most Controversial Election in American History

To kick off election week of 2024, we have our election special!  On Traveling Through History, we take a deep look at the 7 most controversial elections in United States History, beginning with the Thomas Jefferson election of 1800 decided in the House of Representatives, all the way to the close 2000 election decided by 500 votes in the State of Florida which gave George W. Bush the Presidency.  In between we take a deep look at the most controversial election of all 1876 and the election of Rutherford B. Hayes.

The United States presidential election of 1876, was the most disputed and had the most amount of proven fraud and election engineering by both sides in our history.  The presidential election was held on November 7, 1876, in which Republican Rutherford B. Hayes defeated Democrat Samuel J. Tilden.  Tilden led Hayes by more than 260,000 popular votes, and preliminary returns showed Tilden with 184 electoral votes (one shy of the majority needed to win the election) to Hayes’s 165, with the 19 electoral votes of three states (Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina) and one elector from Oregon (originally awarded to Tilden) still in doubt.  The U.S. Congress subsequently created an Electoral Commission, which by early March 1877 had resolved all the disputed electoral votes in favor of Hayes, giving him a 185–184 electoral college victory.

While the congressional commission was deliberating, Republican allies of Hayes engaged with moderate Southern Democrats in secret negotiations aimed at securing acquiescence to Hayes’s election.  Although Bradley leaned toward Tilden’s claim in Florida, he was swayed to back Hayes, and thereafter every action by the Electoral Commission followed a strict 8–7 split in favor of the Republican claims. When the last issue was resolved after 4 am on March 2, Hayes was declared the winner, with a narrow 185–184 majority, and he was sworn in privately the following day (because March 4 was a Sunday, the public swearing in took place on March 5). Although the result was greeted with outrage and bitterness by some Northern Democrats, who dubbed Hayes “His Fraudulency,” Hayes was sworn in without incident.  Southern Democrats, however, found relative contentment with the outcome, when, as president, Hayes promptly made good on the secret pledges made during the electoral dispute to withdraw federal troops from states still under military occupation and thus end the era of Reconstruction.

The election was plagued by ballot-stuffing on both sides, intimidation by groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and the "red coats" at polling places to discourage minorities and other groups from voting, and general electioneering to slant the vote each way.  Many thousands of fraud cases were proven by documentary evidence and affidavit.  The Congress considered in January 1877 if a new election should be called.

We review a video about the history of the 1876 Election and discuss the most important points about this important historical moment in our country's history.

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