Dead Sea Scrolls - Most Important Archaeological Find of the 20th Century

Dead Sea Scrolls - Most Important Archaeological Find of the 20th Century

On Traveling Through History we take a close look at the history of the Dead Sea Scrolls, ancient texts that was found accidentally in 1947 by a passing boy who was trying to herd his goat.  He stumbled upon one of the greatest finds in human history in a cave in Qumran (Jordan at the time, now Israel) next to the Dead Sea. 

The Dead Sea Scrolls are considered by many to be the most significant archaeological find of the 20th century.  From 1947 to 1956, thousands of scroll fragments were uncovered from the caves near Qumran.  Over the following decades, teams of scholars pieced these scrolls together to reconstruct an amazing library of texts from the third century B.C.E. to the first century C.E.

These texts date from the eighth century B.C.E. to the seventh century C.E. and record the life and activities of the people who lived in and passed through these regions.  While the scrolls from Qumran are in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, other scrolls are written in Latin, Arabic, and even Nabatean.  The scrolls cover a wide range of topics and genres.  Perhaps the most interesting are the biblical scrolls, which include texts from every book of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), with the possible exception of Esther.  Other scrolls are Jewish sectarian writings, administrative documents, deeds of sale, and even divorce and marriage records.

Despite the name, the majority of the scrolls are preserved as fragments, small scraps of what were once larger scrolls and documents.  These were written on various materials, from leather to papyrus.  While some scrolls are several feet long, many smaller fragments are no larger than a fingertip.  To date, more than 25,000 fragments have been discovered, and extensive work has gone into combining, preserving, translating, and studying these various fragments.

The scrolls illuminate the Bible’s composition over the millennia.  Prior to their discovery, the earliest surviving copies of the Hebrew Bible dated to around 1000 C.E.  The scrolls are a millennium earlier.  Scholars are able to see continuity between the scrolls and later biblical manuscripts.  Yet they also have found some variation. For example, some scrolls of Exodus and Samuel from Qumran preserve passages that were absent from later biblical manuscripts.  These might represent different traditions that were circulating at the time of the scrolls’ writing—or scribal errors that crept into some manuscripts.  The Dead Sea Scrolls are, thus, instrumental in reconstructing biblical texts.

We review a video about the history of the Dead Sea Scrolls and discuss the most important points about this incredibly important historical discovery.

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