Great White Silence Terra Nova Expedition 1910-13 Captain Robert F. Scott To Antarctica

A True Expeditions And Great White Silence Antarctica. This Video Contains Brief Cinematograph Sequences Taken During The Terra Nova Expedition Of 1910–1913. The Terra Nova Expedition was an effort, by governments and concerned citizens of what was then the British Empire, to plant the Union Jack on the South Pole by means of men, ponies, dogs, and primitive snowmobiles hauling sledges from a base located on the Antarctic coastline.

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The documentary portrays the 1910 British Antarctic Expedition, led by expedition leader Capt. Robert F. Scott, as his four men and his his ship, the Terra Nova, embark from Lyttleton, New Zealand, to sail into the Southern Ocean and its ice floes on a quest to become the first to reach the South Pole.

They safely landed at the Antarctic shelf on the icy coastline of Ross Island, some three months later. The filmmaker follows the men as the shore party sets up tents, practices skiing, and prepares to probe southward toward the Pole. Ponting not only shows many sites along the way - sea life, their ship cutting through the ice pack - but also manages to explain some of his techniques by showing how he obtained a particular shot. The climate is harsh and the trek to the Pole is arduous.

Disappointment lies in store for Scott and his men when they arrive at the Pole and the arduous return proves deadly. The film concludes with a sequence of the explorers pushing off from their base, and title cards reminding viewers of what, to the 1924 viewer, would have been the familiar story of the expedition's tragic conclusion. Scott and his immediate support group of four companions never returned from the Pole.

A 1924 English Black & White silent documentary film produced, directed & photographed by Herbert Ponting, starring Captain Robert Falcon Scott, Henry R. Bowers, Edgar Evans, Lawrence E.G. Oates, and Edward Adrian Wilson. Produced by Gaumont British Picture Corporation.

Filmmaker Herbert Ponting was the first known photographer to bring a cinematograph to the Antarctic continent and to take brief film sequences of the continent's killer whales, Adélie penguins, south polar skuas, Weddell seals and other fauna, as well as the human explorers who were trying to "conquer" it. Although the expedition came more than 20 years after the invention of photographic film, Ponting preferred high-quality images taken on glass plates. With these plates, Ponting could capture images of Antarctic icescapes and landscapes

Captain Scott did not choose cinematographer Ponting to accompany him to the South Pole. Ponting remained on base and survived with his film sequences, eventually returning to England.

Captain Robert Falcon Scott (1868 – 1912) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery expedition of 1901–04 and the Terra Nova expedition of 1910–13. On the first expedition, he set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S and discovered the Antarctic Plateau, on which the South Pole is located. On the second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, less than five weeks after Amundsen's South Pole expedition. A planned meeting with supporting dog teams from the base camp failed, despite Scott's written instructions, and at a distance of 162 miles (261 km) from their base camp at Hut Point and approximately 12.5 miles (20.1 km) from the next depot, Scott and his companions died. When Scott and his party's bodies were discovered, they had in their possession the first Antarctic fossils discovered. The fossils were determined to be from the Glossopteris tree and proved that Antarctica was once forested and joined to other continents. Before his appointment to lead the Discovery expedition, Scott had a career as a Royal Navy officer. In 1899, he had a chance encounter with Sir Clements Markham, the president of the Royal Geographical Society, and learned of a planned Antarctic expedition, which he soon volunteered to lead.[3] His name became inseparably associated with the Antarctic, the field of work to which he remained committed during the final 12 years of his life. Following the news of his death, Scott became a celebrated hero, a status reflected by memorials erected across the UK.

This film, and a successor film with a soundtrack based upon some of the same film sequences, "90° South" (1933), were not great commercial successes, and Ponting, the director, died impoverished. However, his work was eventually acclaimed as one of the highest-quality group of images surviving from the so-called Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.

An impressive documentary and a riveting document with beautiful still photographs, and Ponting's deeply moving slow build of trials, disasters and deaths. Ponting’s superb and startlingly powerful storytelling, especially of an event he was unable to photograph, is unexpectedly impressive, respectful and affecting.

British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13

Summary
Leader Robert Falcon Scott
The aim of this expedition was to continue the scientific work begun on the British National Antarctic Expedition 1901-04, and be the first to reach the South Pole.
Expedition ship Terra Nova sailed from London on 1 June 1910.
They used ponies, dogs, and motorised sledges along with manhauling the sledges.
Bowers, Cherry-Garrard, and Wilson were to undertake the first journey to be carried out during the Antarctic winter to collect penguin eggs.
Scott, Wilson, Bowers, Evans, and Oates made up the five man team who made the fianl march to the Soth Pole but were beaten by the Norwegian Amundsen and his team.
On the return journey suffering severe frostbite and realising he was slowing the others down Captain Oates was to utter the immortal phrase ‘I am going outside and I may be some time’ as he walked to his death in the hope the rest of the men would survive.
Caught in unusually bad weather all five of the party were to perish on their return trip.
A group of men who made up the northern party were forced to winter in an ice cave when the Terra Nova was unable to pick them up. Left only with a months worth of food the men lived off penguin and seal before sledging back to Cape Evans when the sun returned.
When the fate Scott’s party was learned there was a mass out pouring of grief, a relief fund was set up to settle the expeditions outstanding accounts and care for the families of the Pole Party.
The Scott Polar Research Institute in Cambridge was founded in memory of Scott and his achievements.

Led by Robert Falcon Scott, the aim of this expedition was to carry out extensive exploration and scientific experiments including biology, geology, glaciology, meteorology, and geophysics along the coast of Victoria Land on the Ross Ice Shelf. They also aimed to reach the South Pole.

It is probably one of the most well known Antarctic expeditions, popular literature has recorded that Scott was competing against the Norwegian Amundsen to be the first to reach the South Pole, the idea of a race to the pole continues to this day.

The expedition left London on 1 June 1910, sailing on the Terra Nova, it was only when the ship arrived in Melbourne, Australia that Scott learnt of Amundsen’s intentions to try for the South Pole. Until this point the world had believed Amundsen would be making an attempt on the North Pole, indeed Amundsen’s own crew did not know of the change of plans until they reached Madeira.

The journey from Australia to Antarctica was a difficult one with the Terra Nova being battered by 55 mph winds. The overloaded ship was forced to throw ten tons of coal and 69 gallons of petrol overboard. The 17 Manchurian ponies on board suffered particularly badly, even with the constant attention of Captain Oates two of them died during the storm. The dogs also suffered and fighting broke out between them as the ship lurched from side to side, one dog died during the storm. The ship itself was in a bad way with the main pump clogged and the hand pump failing. Water rose and the furnace fires were put out causing the engines to stop. Engineers up to their necks in water finally unclogged the pumps. The ship was then delayed for three weeks by pack ice, which was much further north than had been expected. The Terra Nova finally emerged from the ice on 30 December to be hit by a blizzard. Scott had hoped to winter at Cape Crozier, however he found this blocked by ice so he set up camp at Cape Evans on Ross Island. On 4 January 1911 the men unloaded the ship as the ice deteriorated. The dogs proved difficult to handle and even worse one of the motorised sledges fell through the ice and was lost.

The party worked to build a hut to winter in, measuring fifty feet by twenty-five, the hut was insulated with seaweed and contained a stove and cooking range. A partition was made between the men and officers quarters by staking supply crates to make an interior wall. When not working the men relaxed playing football and attending a variety of talks and lectures. The expeditions photographer Ponting would entertain the men with images from his travels around the world. The South Polar Times, an expedition newspaper set up by Shackleton on Scott’s earlier 1901-4 expedition was revived; this consisted of anonymously written articles of a serious or humorous nature. During the summer the men started laying depots for the journey south, as well as undertaking geological surveys of King Edward VII Land and an investigation of a region west of McMurdo Sound.

This gave the men time to test out their various transport methods. They found that the motorised sledges often broke down resulting in them being unreliable. Concerns also developed about the use of ponies as they were struggling with the extreme cold and deep snow. Scott went out with 12 men to lay One Ton Depot, he was hoping to establish this at 80°S but was forced to cut short of this and a depot was laid 30 miles before this goal.

The first Antarctic winter sledging trip left on 27 June 1911 with Henry Bowers,Apsley Cherry-Garrard, and Edward Wilson setting out for Cape Crozier. Their journey intentionally took place in winter so that they could observe the Emperor Penguins wintering and collect their eggs for observation. This was an incredibly tough journey, at one point the men were left exposed when a blizzard blew their tent away. Luckily, they were able to locate their tent the following day, had they not managed this they would have almost certainly died. When the men returned to Cape Evans on 1 August they looked exhausted and their clothes were so frozen they had to be cut off their bodies, however, some of their samples were still intact. Cherry-Garrard would later write the book ‘The Worst Journey in the World’ telling of the hardship of their expedition.

The major sledging trip of the expedition was to be led by Scott in an attempt to be the first to reach the South Pole, on 24 October 1911 they set off. This trip began with three types of transport: the motorised sledges, a team of dogs, and a team of ponies bringing supplies. The motorised sledges broke down and both were abandoned by the beginning of November. The ponies did not fair as well as had been hoped, they struggled with the cold temperatures and small amounts of food. On 24 November the first pony was shot, by 9 December all of the ponies had been shot. At the foot of the Beadmore Glacier the Shambles Camp containing pony meat was set up.

The dogs were a greater success than had been predicted, however, they had not brought enough supplies to extend their use further. On 11 December the dogs returned to Cape Evans and Scott and the rest of the men continued to man-haul the sledges along the Beardmore Glacier. On 3 January 1912 Scott chose Wilson, Oates, Evans, and at the last minute added Bowers to join him on the final strike for the Pole. Their journey was delayed by sastrugi, which made travel on skis difficult. On 16 January Bowers who had very keen eyesight spotted a black spot on the horizon, knowing this could not be natural they began to suspect the Norwegians had already made it to the Pole.

On 17 January when they arrived at the Pole their worst fears were confirmed. Scott wrote in his diary ‘Great God! This is an awful place and terrible enough for us to have laboured to it without the reward for priority.’ They raised the Union Jack and took a number of photographs. The following day they began the trek home. At first they made good progress but slowly the effects of the cold and scurvy set in. They reached the upper Beardmore depot, from here they had a five day march with just enough rations, there was no room for manoeuvre. The weather was good and they stopped to collect 35 pounds of geological specimens in line with the scientific motivation to their expedition. They only just made it to the next depot, by this point Evans was steadily declining. On 4 February he took a turn for the worse when he fell into a crevasse along with Scott. It is thought that Evans hit his head and suffered a concussion, Scott describes him as being ‘broken down in the brain’. On 17 February Evans stopped to tie his boots, when he did not catch them up they skied back to find him. He was found on his hands and knees in the snow, he was put on the sledge and hauled back to the tent. Evans died at 12:30 am, likely from a brain injury brought on by his fall. Leaving Evans body behind then men trudged on, reaching the Shambles depot, here there was a supply of pony meat and the men could have a satisfying meal. They then continued onto the next depot but discovered the fuel had leaked and they were now short, on reaching the next depot the situation was similar but worst still here they were short of fuel and food. Oates was struggling very badly from the effects of frostbite, eventually his boot had to be cut just to enable him to get his foot in. The effects of frostbite were severely curtailing Oates’ speed and on 15 March he told the men ‘I am going outside and may be some time’, he left the tent and walked out into a blizzard never to be seen again. He gave his life in the hope that the rest of the party would be able to move faster without him.

On 21 March eleven miles from One Ton Depot the three men made their final camp, where a severe blizzard prevented them from leaving their tent. They only had enough food for a couple of days and enough fuel for one hot meal. Trapped in their tent the men wrote their farewell letters to family and friends, Scott also wrote his ‘Message to the Public’ which outlined his reasons as to why the expedition had failed, blaming it on a mixture of the poor weather and bad luck. It is thought that Scott was the last of the three to perish. Scott’s orders had been that supplies should be taken by dog team to One Ton Depot for the return party. Cherry-Gerrard and Demetri arrived on 3 March and waited for a week, but were forced to return as their was not sufficient food for the dogs and Scott has ordered that the dogs should not be killed to feed each other. By April they knew that Scott and his party had certainly perished.

The remaining expedition members passed another winter in the hut. A search party set out the following spring and the bodies of Scott, Wilson and Bowers were found on 12 November 1912 inside their tent. The search party collected the personal items and letters and then collapsed the tent over the bodies. A cairn was erected over the tent and a pair of skis used to make a cross. They looked for Oates body but were unable to find it and so erected a cairn in his memory. The search party brought back with them the geological specimens Wilson collected, and insisted they hauled them back even when exhausted. These specimens have been extremely useful in establishing the geological history of Antarctica.

The support teams who had left Scott to continue to the South Pole had made it back to base, but they too had experienced a difficult return journey. On 13 January the last team to turn back – comprising of Edward Evans, Tom Crean and William Lashly – reached the Shackleton Falls, here they had a choice they could take a three day detour to get to the bottom, or they could rush the falls on their sledge. Lieutenant Evans who was the most senior man present asked the others what they would like to do, their reply being that as he was the officer he should decide. The glacier was rushed and whilst they were battered and bruised no bones were broken, this saved them a three day trek. Exhausted on the return journey Lieutenant Evans broke down with a severe attack of scurvy, on the 13 February he asked to be left behind, against his protests the rest of the team bound him to a sledge in his sleeping bag and dragged him for over 100 miles. When they could go no further they made camp, Evans was to stay in the camp with Lashly remaining behind to look after him. His other companion Crean would make a desperate attempt to reach base; if he failed all three would perish. They were almost out of food and so Crean took only a few biscuits and a little chocolate with him. After a continuous eighteen hour march Crean had made it to Hut Point and raised the alarm, Evans and Lashly were rescued and sledged back to camp.

As well as Scott’s southern trip another sledging expedition had been planned. Led by Lieutenant Campbell, this party had gone northwards wintering at Cape Adare (1911) and Evans Cove (1912). Their intentions were to gather geological data, and a set of meteorological measurements independent of the main base camp. They spent several weeks near Mt. Melbourne carrying out geological work when the Terra Nova came to collect them. However, she was unable to get near the shore due to the close packing ice floes and having nearly been frozen into the pack was forced to give up relief efforts. The six men were stuck and where forced to unintentionally winter where they were, with only one month’s dried food as supplies. Their tents were too threadbare to last the harsh winter months and so they modified an ice cave, which they called Inexpressible Island. They lived mainly off seal meat, using an improvised stove and seal blubber for fuel. Due to the high meat content of their diet they did not succumb to the effects of scurvy, however, they did all suffer from food poisoning due to the dirty conditions of their cooking environment. It was an extremely difficult time for the men, but they maintained naval discipline, splitting their ice cave into an officer’s side and a men’s side, and passed the time reading to each other and giving lectures. They very strictly managed their rations, with a chocolate stick at the weekend and extra raisins on a birthday. In doing this all the men were doing as well as could be expected, when the sun returned they left their ice cave and began their sledging trip back to Cape Evans on 1 October 1912. They arrived back at Cape Evans on 7 November to discover the news of Scott’s Southern Party.

When the Terra Nova returned with the news that Southern Party had perished there was a worldwide outpouring of sorrow. A memorial fund was set up which raised money to pay the men’s widows and clear the debts of the expedition. Enough money was raised to found an institute in Scott’s memory; this was the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) which still carries out polar research today.

Scott and his men reached Antarctica on board the Terra Nova on 31 December 1910. The expedition had several aims that were scientific in nature, but the principal goal for Scott was to lead the first team to the South Pole.

Following his earlier polar experience on the Discovery expedition of 1901–4, Scott realised the importance of good photographic images for fund-raising and publicising the achievements of the expedition. Scott employed the photographer Herbert Ponting to accompany him. This was the first time a professional photographer had been included in an Antarctic expedition.

Ponting had previously worked in the United States and Asia. He had a great deal of experience, and during his time in Antarctica, he produced around 2,000 glass plate negatives as well as making films. Ponting also taught photography to Scott and other members of the team so that they could record their assault on the Pole.

In March 1912 Ponting left the Antarctic, according to previously-laid plans. After his return to Britain, Ponting exhibited his work and lectured widely about Scott, thus ensuring that his photographs became inextricably linked with Scott and the heroic age of Antarctic exploration.

British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 - One - Preparations For The Pole Captain Robert Falcon Scott. The Terra Nova Expedition

Scott wanted to use the Discovery again for this second expedition, but the admiralty had sold it to the Hudson's Bay Company some years before, and they refused to sell her back. After considering several others, Scott purchased the Terra Nova, which had been used for whaling and sealing since her return from the Discovery expedition.

Raising money for the expedition was a slow and difficult task, volunteer crew by contrast were applying from all over the world. More than 8,000 men volunteered to join the expedition. One man who didn't go, though Scott wanted him was a young lecturer from the University of Adelaide, Douglas Mawson who was making his own plans he intended to explore an unmapped stretch of coast and country west of Victoria Land directly south of Australia.

The choices for land transportation made by Scott were to have profound effects on the final results of the expedition. He didn't take dogs, perhaps influenced by his experiences on the Discovery expedition. Instead he had motor sledges which were experimental, since none had ever been used before, (motor transport technology was still in its infancy in 1910), and ponies. Ponies had been used before by Shackleton, but not successfully.

Scott planned to use the motor sledges as far as possible, establishing depots along the way, the ponies would then take over, between them these two methods would haul the sledges across the low level relatively flat Great Ice Barrier (now the Ross Ice Shelf) to the foot of the Beardmore Glacier. This is the next major obstacle and where the south pole party would begin to manhaul their sledges gaining height climbing up on to the Polar Plateau.

The journey to Antarctica on the Terra Nova was eventful and losses of ponies, a dog, coal and other stores occurred during a storm, a dog called Osman was washed overboard by one giant wave that broke his chain, only to be washed back onboard again with the next wave. On December 8th 1910 the first iceberg was spotted and on the following day, in latitude 65°8'S, the Terra Nova entered the pack ice. The ship continued to encounter heavy pack ice for the next three weeks, consuming a great deal of precious coal in the process.

It is thought by many that had Scott taken a dog team and men trained properly in driving a dog team, he would have had a much easier time of it getting to the pole and back.

Scott wrote:

"In my mind no journey ever made with dogs can approach the height of that fine conception which is realised when a party of men go forth to face hardships, dangers, and difficulties with their own unaided efforts, and by days and weeks of hard physical labour succeed in solving some problem of the great unknown. Surely in this case the conquest is more nobly and splendidly won".

On December 30th 1910 Scott wrote, "We are out of the pack at length and at last one breathes again". On New Year's Day, 1911, Mount Erebus came into view. They attempted to land at Cape Crozier, where they had planned on setting up winter quarters, but the seas were too rough, McMurdo Sound was their next option. On January 4th 1911, the Terra Nova anchored to the ice and the unloading began. The ponies were especially happy to finally be on firm ground as they rolled and kicked in the snow.

The motor sledges began well, they were unloaded and immediately put to work hauling stores to the new camp. The third and largest sledge however broke through the ice to the sea and sank in sixty fathoms of water as it was being hauled by twenty men towards the shore.

The hut was erected quickly, it measured fifty feet by twenty-five and was nine feet to the eaves. It was insulated with quilted seaweed, lined with matchboard, lit by acetylene gas, provided with a stove and cooking range and divided into two by a partition made of crates (including the wine) to separate the men's from the officers' quarters. Within two weeks the hut was built and occupied.

The "Tenaments" members of the expedition with the only "private" space they had in their bunk beds. Note all the clothes and equipment hanging from the ceiling to thaw out and dry. All of the cold weather clothing the expeditioners had would soak up sweat during heavy exertions (and manhauling is certainly a heavy exertion!) which would then freeze within the clothing.

"He (Scott) cried more easily than any man I have ever known. What pulled Scott through was character, sheer good grain which ran over and under and through his weaker self and clamped it all together."
Apsley Cherry-Garrard. From the Introduction to The Worst Journey in the World.

Like the Discovery expedition, again the centrepiece of the expedition was to be to reach the South Pole, and again this was but one of several projects and exploratory trips from the base camp. Depot laying parties set out shortly after arrival to leave stores and provisions. Doubts set in early on about the usefulness of the ponies, as they had problems with sinking into soft snow.

It was only after arriving at their winter camp and erecting the hut that Scott found out that the Norwegian Roald Amundsen had arrived at the Bay of Whales, some 400 miles away and 70 miles further south, he too was planning to reach the South Pole the following summer. Amundsen had more dogs and better trained dogs, what was more, he and his men were experienced in using them efficiently. Many of Scott's party were unhappy at the arrival of Amundsen, his arrival was previously unannounced and thought to be an unsporting attempt at beating Scott and his team to the pole.

The ponies continued to fare badly, two were lost in the sea when they broke through ice. When they were unable to be retrieved and fell victim to killer whales. Before the sun went down for the winter, only 10 ponies were left out of an original 19.

One sledging journey was undertaken in the winter by a small team of men led by Wilson the biologist and including the young Apsley Cherry-Garrard. Famously this gave rise to the acknowledged greatest of all Antarctic adventure and travel books "The Worst Journey in the World". It was a trip to Cape Crozier in search of eggs from Emperor penguins that were known to lay and incubate their eggs in the Antarctic winter though none had ever been returned intact to science. Indeed they had only first been discovered a few years beforehand, they were thought to be a kind of evolutionary missing-link. something that could be determined by examining their embryos.

The winter was a very active time for the expedition and a large quantity of scientific data never before collected was gathered. Though Scott spent much time engaged in science his thoughts were inevitably also always on the attempt to reach the pole to be carried out when the weather allowed after the sun had returned.

He decided during the winter on who his companions were to be for the polar journey. The chosen team was:

Dr. E. A. Wilson known as "Uncle Bill", chief scientist and doctor of the expedition.

Captain L. E. G. Oates, a career soldier and in charge of the Siberian ponies.

Petty officer Edgar "Taff" Evans the strongman of the party, in charge of sledging equipment.

At the last minute, just before the pole party left the last of the men who would turn back to Hut Point rather than continue to the Pole, Scott chose an extra man to be a part of the polar party.

Lieutenant Henry "Birdie" Bowers originally a storekeeper on the ship, but who proved himself to be far more capable.

"I don't know what to think of Amundsen's chances. If he gets to the Pole it must be before we do, as he is bound to travel fast with dogs, and pretty certain to start early. On this account I decided at a very early date to act exactly as I should have done had he not existed. Any attempt to race must have wrecked my plan, besides which it doesn't appear the sort of thing one is out for...You can rely on my not saying or doing anything foolish, only I'm afraid you must be prepared for finding our venture much belittled. After all, it is the work that counts, not the applause that follows "Letter from Scott to his wife Kathleen.

British Antarctic Expedition 1910-13 - Two - The Journey To The South Pole Captain Robert Falcon Scott. The Journey to the Pole

Over a period of twelve days in the Antarctic spring of 1911 from the 24th of October to the 4th of November, a team of sixteen men, twenty three dogs, ten ponies, thirteen sledges and two motor sledges set off with Scott to enable a party of four to be the first to reach the South Pole. Most of the team were there to help transport more food and provisions to enable the polar party to make the last leg and return without further help. Those not going to the pole turned back at different points over the first two months..

The slowest, the motor sledges left on the 24th of October, the ponies on the 1st of November and dog teams on the 4th of November. Depots of food and supplies had already been laid along the route before the winter.

The distance from the winter quarters at Hut Point to the Pole and back was 1766 statute miles (further than Land's End to John O'Groats and back again, (or from New York City to Wyoming, Chicago or Denver). Every step of the way had to be marched on foot, with or without skis.

They travelled by night for the benefit of the ponies, and as this was the austral summer, they had 24 hour daylight. Temperatures never rose above zero Fahrenheit (-18°C). Fighting constant snowfalls, the team reached a food and supplies depot called One Ton Camp they had laid the previous summer on the fifteenth day. There was a constant worry that the ponies would not be able to keep going and upon reaching Camp 20 on November 24th, the first pony was killed. Four camps later, on December 1st, the second pony was shot. Depots were made at regular intervals of roughly seventy miles, each containing food and fuel for a week for the returning parties.

The weather that season was particularly bad, extreme cold interspersed with warmer than usual blizzards that melted the snow and made everything wet and travelling impossible. The ponies continued to have a difficult time of it sinking to the level of their bellies in the soft snow and becoming totally exhausted, they were shot and left behind as depoted food, leaving the remainder of the travelling to manhauling.

Each of the party then began by pulling around 200 pounds through soft snow into which they sank into nearly up to their knees. They were affected by snow-blindness and sometimes stumbled into crevasses, sledges and all. On December 13th, the day before Amundsen reached the Pole, the party had advanced less than four miles in nine hours. On December 20th Scott named the first returning party of four. Scott had dreaded this moment as all had pulled to the limit of their strength, but this four were now to be deprived of their reward, attainment of the South Pole. They reached "home" at Hut point 35 days later on January 26th.

The remaining men made good progress and soon the time came for Scott to make his second difficult announcement that a further three men were to return to Hut point leaving the final party of five (originally to be four, but increased to five at the last moment with the addition of Bowers) to continue to the pole. The two parties separated on January 3rd at 87°32'S, at an altitude of 10,280 feet on the high polar plateau, 169 miles from the Pole.

Scott and the others followed Shackleton's route from 1909, on January 6th they crossed the line of latitude where Shackleton turned back and were further south, 88°23'S than any man had been before or so they believed. They were now 97 miles from the pole, but it took them ten days to cover this due to the weather conditions and state of the snow and ice they were pulling their sledges across.

The men were growing very tired by this point, progress was often made of only five, six or seven miles a day. Each day was a hard grind and was taking a dreadful toll. On January 16th they made good progress and thought that they would reach the Pole the following day. In the afternoon of that day, Bowers spotted something ahead which looked like a cairn. Half an hour later they realized the black speck was a flag tied to a sledge bearer. Nearby was the remains of a camp along with tracks made by sledges and dogs, it was not yet the Pole however.

"This told us the whole story. The Norwegians have forestalled us and are first at the Pole. It is a terrible disappointment and I am very sorry for my loyal companions. Many thoughts come and much discussion we have had. To-morrow we must march on the Pole, and then hasten home with all the speed we can compass. All the day-dreams must go; it will be a wearisome return".
- Scott

January the 17th was "....a horrible day..." , a strong headwind and temperatures of -30°C giving three of them frostbite. Scott's journal records "Great God! This is an awful place and terrible enough for us to have laboured to it without the reward of priority".

They reached the pole on January 17th 1912 to find a small tent supported by a single bamboo flying a Norwegian flag. Inside was a record of the five who had been the first to reach the pole.

Roald Amundsen - Olav Olavson Bjaaland - Hilmer Hanssen - Sverre H. Hassel - Oscar Wisting - and There was also a letter to be delivered to King Haakon of Norway.

The return trip started out fairly well but the weather would become more severe and there was no incentive of being the first to reach the pole to cheer them and spur them onwards. Scott wrote on the 21st of January 1912 "Oates is feeling the cold and fatigue more than most of us" and on the 23rd of January "Wilson suddenly discovered Evans nose was frostbitten - it was white and hard. There is no doubt that Evans is a good deal run down".

By the 24th of January the first note of serious apprehension entered into Scott's diary entries:

"This is the second full gale since we left the pole. I don't like the look of it. Is the weather breaking up? If so God help us, with the tremendous journey and scanty food".

The men were becoming tired now and injuries were increasing, they didn't know it but they had been undernourished for several weeks, Wilson suffered snow-blindness, Oates had frostbitten feet. Frostbite also affected Evans' fingers and nose. They had many falls, Scott damaging his shoulder in one. Evans had a bad fall on the 4th of February suffering concussion - he was never to really recover.

They became lost at one point while descending the Beardmore glacier and had a nightmarish two days in badly crevassed and broken ice not knowing in which direction to head and becoming more despondent. They were down to their last meal and unable to find the food depot until at the last they did so. "It was an immense relief and we were soon in possession of our three and a half days food. The relief to all is inexpressible.......... Yesterday was the worst experience of the trip and gave a horrid feeling of insecurity".

February 16th - "Evans has nearly broken down in brain, we think". The next day he started reasonably well but soon left his sledge traces to walk alongside. He fell further and further back and was soon out of sight. By lunchtime the others went back to find him. He was on his knees, clothing disarranged, hands uncovered and frostbitten and with a "wild look in his eyes" (some of the classic signs of hypothermia). He was placed onto a sledge and taken to the camp they had set up, he was comatose by the time he was placed in the tent. He died quietly at 12.30 a.m.

The weather continued to be against them, particularly intense cold down to -40°C and the surface bad for hauling a sledge over beyond their worst fears. On March 5th Scott records "Oates' feet are in a wretched condition... The poor soldier is very nearly done." Despite the cold and awful surfaces Oates kept going attended to by Wilson the doctor, but on March the 16th he proposed that his companions leave him in his sleeping bag and continue themselves. A request they could not grant and induced him to join the afternoon march when they made a few extra miles. He was worse that night and went to sleep hoping not to wake, he did wake however to find a blizzard blowing. His now famous last words were "I am just going outside and may be some time." He walked out to his death so that he would no longer be a burden to his friends who themselves were in worsening physical condition. His feet had been so bad and the process of putting his boots on so painful that he didn't go through this torture and walked out to his death in his socks.

"We knew that poor Oates was walking to his death, but though we tried to dissuade him, we knew it was the act of a brave man and an English gentleman. We all hope to meet the end with a similar spirit and assuredly the end is not far."

The last camp was made on March 19th only 11 miles from the next depot. They woke on the 20th to another raging blizzard. Scott was suffering badly from a frostbitten foot and Wilson and Bowers were to go to the depot for fuel. By the 22nd they still had not been able to set off, the blizzard was as bad as ever. They never left this final camp having run out of food and fuel, eventually being too weak, cold and hungry to attempt the march. On the 29th of March 1912 Scott made his last diary entry;

"Since the 21st we have had a continuous gale from W.S.W. and S.W. We had fuel to make two cups of tea apiece and bare food for two days on the 20th. Every day we have been ready to start for our depot 11 miles away, but outside the door of the tent it remains a scene of whirling drift. I do not think we can hope for better things now. We shall stick it out to the end, but we are getting weaker of course, and the end cannot be far.

It seems a pity but I do not think I can write more."

The tent and the three frozen bodies were not discovered until nearly 8 months later on November 12th that year. A great cairn of ice was raised over their bodies surmounted by a cross made from skis, a sledge was stood on one end in a smaller cairn nearby.

A search was made for Captain Oates' body, but it was never found, only his discarded sleeping bag, cut open for much of the length to enable him to enter it with badly frostbitten feet.

A cairn was placed at the scene of the search with a note that began "Hereabouts died a very gallant gentleman...."

Later at hut point a cross was erected to the memory of :

Lieutenant H. R. Bowers - Petty officer Edgar "Taff" Evans - Captain L. E. G. Oates - Captain R. F. Scott - Dr. E. A. Wilson - "We built a cairn, put up our poor slighted Union Jack, and photographed ourselves - mighty cold work all of it....."

A British organized and led expedition with an extensive scientific programme along with exploration including at attempt to be the first to the South Pole.

Most famous for the deaths of Scott and his four companions on the way back from the South Pole having been beaten there by Amundsen.

Were it not for the South Pole tragedy, the expedition would have become famous for the scientific achievements and trials of of the Western and Northern Parties.

Scott and the South Pole Party (yellow boxes) - The main reason for Scott's expedition was to be the first to reach the South Pole, he had tried to do this previously in 1902/3 when he came to within 480 miles of the Pole with Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson. Shackleton in a separate expedition came within 97 miles of the Pole in 1909. The Pole was still there for the taking.

The Northern Party (white boxes) - North is around the edges of the map above, south and the pole are in the middle of the map. Led by Victor Campbell the Northern Party wintered as planned in a hut at Cape Adare in 1911, the Terra Nova met them in January 1912 and moved them to another location where they were to spend 6 weeks before being picked up again. The Terra Nova could not get through thick pack ice however and they were forced to spend a second winter in very difficult conditions in a snow cave they excavated before walking back to base as spring arrived.

The Western Party - (blue boxes) - 2 journeys, the first of 3 months made by 4 men in early 1911 to the Dry Valleys and surrounding area. The second also of 4 men set off in Nov 1911 to investigate the glaciers and strike inland, the Terra Nova is unable to pick them up in January as planned so they start walking back, being met part-way by the ship a month later.

https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/robert-falcon-scott-south-pole-time-line.php

Rare And Top Secrets Real Video From M.I.R. Space Station of the North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends.

Magnetic Stone Rupes Nigra Huge Magnetic Rock 180km In Diameter At North Pole - https://rumble.com/v3e220t-magnetic-stone-rupes-nigra-huge-magnetic-rock-180km-in-diameter-at-north-po.html

thanks for writing us... Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") at the north pole and 33 miles around and 8 mile high and is above the clouds... you are not post to see it. the us government will stop from going to the north pole at all to see it. this is a video from Mir a Russian space station... thanks

A glance at the North Pole and its mythology, from whirlpools and giants to the indrawing sea and the Rupes Nigra.

https://www.arcus-atlantis.org.uk/horizons/magnetic-north.html

HYPERBOREA was a fabulous realm of eternal spring located in the far north beyond the home of the north wind. Its people were a blessed, long-lived race untouched by war, hard toil and the ravages of old age and disease.

https://rumble.com/playlists/VWrYI5hUUF4 - All Our Antarctic Video's Reveals Real Secrets Hidden in Antarctica. Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Admiral Byrd: “An Area As Big As The United States on the Other Side of the South Pole.

Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Magnetic Stone An Arctic Timeline 1496-1962

https://rumble.com/v3e30gf-why-huge-magnetic-rock-north-pole-magnetic-stone-an-arctic-timeline-1496-19.html

Why Huge Magnetic Rock North Pole Septentrionalium Terrarum descriptio - Magnetic Stone The Rupes Nigra ("Black Rock") 1595 First Edition Mercator Map of the Arctic (1st Map of the North Pole) Hello my friends.

Beyond The Ice Wall Of Antarctica... Revealed Real True Secrets Hidden In Antarctica - https://rumble.com/v57prrl-beyond-the-ice-wall-of-antarctica...-revealed-real-true-secrets-hidden-in-a.html

All Our Antarctic Video's Reveals Real Secrets Hidden In Antarctica And The Bible. Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth. This Area Admiral Byrd: “An Area As Big As The United States on the Other Side of the South Pole.

Norge Polar Flight 1926 & Richard Byrd In Ny-Ålesund Expedition A True Competition - https://rumble.com/v57vwe4-norge-polar-flight-1926-and-richard-byrd-in-ny-lesund-expedition-a-true-com.html

A True Expeditions And Norge Polar Flight In 1926 And Richard Byrd's In Ny-Ålesund Expedition A True Competition For Both Men. Yes Byrd’s objective was to fly to the North Pole - which both Cook and Peary claimed to have reached first – while his expedition aimed to fly over the entire Arctic Ocean to look for any land that might be in the so-far uncharted area.

In 1926 Roald Amundsen, Lincoln Ellsworth and Umberto Nobile flew with 13 others in the airship “Norge” from Ny-Ålesund at Svalbard over the North Pole to Teller in Alaska. With this “Amundsen-Ellsworth-Nobile Transpolar Flight” the Arctic Ocean was crossed for the first time.

Roald Amundsen wrote in his book about the Norge expedition that the plan to use an airship to fly over the Arctic Ocean was laid in Ny-Ålesund in May 1925 during the preparations for the flight with the N24 and N25.

Lincoln Ellsworth, Leif Dietrichson, Amundsen and Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen had discussed the advantages of airships compared to planes, for example that planes had to make an emergency landing if a serious fault occurred in an engine, while an airship could have an engine repaired in the air, or that an emergency landing by plane through thick fog was “certain death”. In addition, airships could carry a heavier load than planes and could stay in the air longer.

The Norge flight, also known as the Amundsen-Ellsworth-Nobile Transpolar Flight, was a historic airship expedition that took place in 1926. Led by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, American adventurer Lincoln Ellsworth, and Italian airship designer Umberto Nobile, the team aimed to cross the Arctic Ocean from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, to Teller, Alaska.

NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed. When NASA astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon on April 20, 1969, more than 500 million watched around the globe with bated breath. But the monumental moment in the history of mankind is often overshadowed by conspiracy theories claiming the Moon landing was faked. As the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing approaches, the number of conspiracist questioning NASA’s official version of events is on the rise. Mr Weidner, who directed the documentary Kubrick's Odyssey, has astonishingly claimed footage of the Apollo 11 landing was directed by Mr Kubrick. However, even more surprisingly, the filmmaker said NASA did go to the Moon – but the footage broadcast around the world was a hoax.

Stanley Kubrick Fake Apollo 11 Moon Landing Was A Hoax By The U.S.A. Government - https://rumble.com/v2s6afk-stanley-kubrick-fake-apollo-11-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-by-the-u.s.a.-govern.html

NASA faked the historic Apollo 11 Moon landing footage with the help of Hollywood veteran director Stanley Kubrick, book author and filmmaker Jay Weidner has shockingly claimed.

Flat Earth Trilogy True World & Learning Curve And Epic Deception Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v4c13d8-flat-earth-trilogy-true-world-and-learning-curve-and-epic-deception-complet.html

Flat Earth Trilogy So I'm Not Saying The Earth Is Flat Or Anything... But This Is Very Interesting Evidence and I learned a lot, just like I learned a lot with the heliocentric model and the view of the solar system. Both models are useful for purposes of history and knowledge. Biblical Flat Earth Exposing a World of Lies, Everything you know is Wrong.

“I think that physicists need to be more involved,” he says. “There’s really no excuse for us to just sit back and laugh at them. Because while we’re laughing, they are recruiting people to believe these crazy things.”

If a scientific conspiracy theory is funny, that doesn’t mean it’s a joke at all.

In astronomy, the perception that Earth is flat leads to the deduction that it must actually be flat; the antimoon, NASA conspiracy and all the rest are just rationalizations for how that might work in practice.

Those details make the flat-earthers' theory so elaborately absurd it sounds like a joke, but many of its supporters genuinely consider it a more plausible model of astronomy than the one found in textbooks. In short, they aren't kidding.

For the flat-earther convinced that all these countries put aside their political tensions in order to maintain the fiction of a spherical Earth, there are also ways to check on the planet's shape with one's own eyes. One of the simplest is to go to a harbor and watch the ships depart. As a ship disappears over the horizon, the bottom of the ship will go first, followed gradually by the mast. But if you zoom in with a 100 time zoom or a high power telescope you will see the whole ship again 20 to 30 miles away from you still in the photo... so yes the earth is flat.

NASA Admits Apollo 11 Moon Landing is a Hoax After Mentions Space Is Not Real - https://rumble.com/v3depjq-nasa-admits-apollo-11-moon-landing-is-a-hoax-after-mentions-space-is-not-re.html

NASA Admits Apollo 11 Moon Landing is a Hoax in 1976 this was the fifth crewed mission of NASA's Apollo program. All files and computer tapes are now missing and launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16, 1969. The Apollo spacecraft had three parts: a command module with a cabin for the three astronauts, a service module that supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water, and a lunar module that had two stages a descent stage for landing on the Moon and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit. Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. All three astronauts spent 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, and 35 seconds in space and traveled a total of 953,054 miles.

NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax Chinese Spy Balloon - https://rumble.com/v3dgrpn-nasa-admits-rocket-launch-satellite-are-really-balloon-hoax-chinese-spy-bal.html

NASA Admits Rocket Launch Satellite Are Really Balloon Hoax And Do you have a hard time convincing your friends and loved ones that NASA is fake? So do we, so we've put together this video which contains the best proofs on the internet that NASA is taking our money and used to deceive the world about what the world is. Share this video to wake everyone up to the greatest deception of our time!

NASA Admits Fake International Space Station A Global World Wide Satellite Hoax - https://rumble.com/v3dm5uj-nasa-admits-fake-international-space-station-a-global-world-wide-satellite-.html

NASA Admits Its All Fake National Aeronautics and Space Administration On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), a civilian agency responsible for coordinating America's activities in space. The agency absorbed the earlier National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), which was a U.S. federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. NASA has since sponsored space expeditions, both human and mechanical, that have yielded vital information about the solar system and universe. During the 1960s, NASA started its space science and interplanetary probe program, with the Mariner program being its flagship program, launching probes to Venus, Mars, and Mercury in the 1960s. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was the lead NASA center for robotic interplanetary exploration, making significant discoveries about the inner planets.

NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program Is Faked Yes It's A Conspiracy - https://rumble.com/v3dqlbc-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-1-the-space-program-is-faked-yes-its-a-conspi.html

NASA Admits Faking Space Part 1 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space".

NASA has successfully launched 166 crewed flights, but three have ended in failure, causing the deaths of seventeen crew members in total: Apollo 1, STS-51-L (the Challenger disaster) killed seven crew members in 1986, and STS-107 (the Columbia disaster) killed seven more in 2003. The accomplishments of Apollo are among humankind's greatest, with six missions landing men on the moon between 1969 and 1972, the only time humans have ventured onto another celestial body. However, the program was marred by NASA's first tragedy on the ground (Apollo 1) and a near tragedy in space (Apollo 13).

NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 Bonus Proof Stephen Hawking Is A Fraud Conspiracy - https://rumble.com/v3dssxw-nasa-admits-faking-space-part-2-bonus-proof-stephen-hawking-is-a-fraud-cons.html

NASA Admits Faking Space Part 2 The Space Program and shows provable deception in the space program. NASA is a corrupt government organization. It gets worse. NASA was started to create the illusion of going into so-called (non-existent) "outer space". The truth is that no one or nothing has ever been to the fantasy known as "outer space".

NASA Admits To Best Fails And NASA Fraud Compilation Unrefuted Proof Of Wires - https://rumble.com/v3dxnnb-nasa-admits-to-best-fails-and-nasa-fraud-compilation-unrefuted-proof-of-wir.html

There's a lot more proof of deception out there, but I wanted to compile the most obvious ones and keep them in one place. I'm discovering that a lot of the original links to such footage are no longer working as they are being deleted. The footage is from space channels, so they aren't just targeting truther channels with the deletion of entire channels. I will post the most up to date links, but some of the originals are gone.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories

One giant ... lie? Why so many people still think the moon landings were faked.

Real ISS Space Station Maniac Conspiracy Theorists Think It Is Actually Underwater ! - https://rumble.com/v4c47q9-real-iss-space-station-maniac-conspiracy-theorists-think-it-is-actually-und.html

The Real International Space Station Program brings together international flight crews, multiple launch vehicles, globally distributed launch and flight operations, training, engineering, and development facilities, communications networks, and the international scientific research community. The International Space Station (ISS) is a 460-ton, permanently crewed platform orbiting 250 miles above Earth. It took 10 years and more than 30 missions to assemble, resulting in unprecedented scientific and engineering collaboration among five space agencies representing 15 countries.

Real Hubble Telescope Repair Mission Is Not Real Conspiracy Theorists NASA-SOFIA - https://rumble.com/v4chck3-real-hubble-telescope-repair-mission-is-not-real-conspiracy-theorists-nasa-.html

So Is The Real Hubble Telescope Repair Mission True Or Is It Not Real ? Embark on an extraordinary journey through the captivating saga of the Under Water Hubble Space Telescope Pool ?, from its ambitious launch to the critical repairs in fake space. Explore the story of a tiny flaw that led to blurred images and the heroic efforts of astronauts to rescue this iconic telescope. It's a remarkable tale of human ingenuity, unwavering perseverance, and the relentless quest to unravel the universe's deepest mysteries.

Real Hubble Telescope Conspiracy Theorists Think It's Actually NASA-SOFIA Airplane - https://rumble.com/v4cmncu-real-hubble-telescope-conspiracy-theorists-think-its-actually-nasa-sofia-ai.html

Real Hubble Telescope Conspiracy Theorists Think Why is it that NASA has a plane called SOFIA in the sky with a telescope that can see much more into space than the famously known Hubble? Let’s start with Hubble: The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope is a space telescope (surprise!) in low-Earth orbit, launched into space in 1990 - it is a cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency ESA. It has a 2.4-metre mirror and instruments to observe the Universe in the ultraviolet, the optical and the near infrared. Using Hubble astronomers were able to peer into the distant Universe - much further than with any other telescope.

Secret Behind Hubble's 100 Incredible Gorgeous Space Photoshop Extraordinary Etc. - https://rumble.com/v4cqa7i-secret-behind-hubbles-100-incredible-gorgeous-space-photoshop-extraordinary.html

The Secret Behind All Of NASA's Gorgeous Space Photos Glowing, Whirling, Pinwheeling Wonder That Is The Spiral Galaxy! Bursts of gas & cosmic dust form one of the most iconic forms of Galaxies. Here's a look at a beautiful spiral galaxy, located 30 million light-years away in the constellation From the glossy, high-res photos, you'd think outer space is a diamond-studded smear of billowing clouds, mixing together like slick oil and rain in a swirling gutter with glass shards and flecks of concrete.

All 6 Apollo Landing Sites Through My Telescope Moon Landing Was A Hoax U.S.A. - https://rumble.com/v4cshlc-all-6-apollo-landing-sites-through-my-telescope-moon-landing-was-a-hoax-u.s.html

All 6 Apollo Landing Sites Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax and Since its founding in 1958, NASA has pushed the boundaries of scientific and technical limits to explore the unknown for all the citizens of our planet. Discover the history of our human spaceflight, science, technology, and aeronautics programs.

Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax How They Do It Complete Video - https://rumble.com/v48btzf-evidence-nasa-faked-apollo-moon-landing-hoax-how-they-do-it-complete-video.html

Evidence NASA Faked Apollo Moon Landing Hoax and Since its founding in 1958, NASA has pushed the boundaries of scientific and technical limits to explore the unknown for all the citizens of our planet. Discover the history of our human spaceflight, science, technology, and aeronautics programs.

Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Is As Big As U.S.A. - https://rumble.com/v3e0jrw-sorry-antarctica-were-closed-our-hidden-flat-earth-this-area-is-as-big-as-u.html

Sorry Antarctica We're Closed Our Hidden Flat Earth This Area Admiral Byrd: “An Area As Big As The United States on the Other Side of the South Pole” According most flat earthers, there’s no such thing as the continent of Antarctica.

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