Wax, Asphaltenes, Scale Phenomena in Subsea Flow Assurance

Flow assurance in subsea systems focuses on preventing solid deposits from blocking the flow path. The principle solids of concern are wax and hydrates. Sometimes scale and asphaltenes are also a concern. For a given reservoir fluid these solids precipitate at certain combinations of pressure and temperature. Precipitated solids are often carried downstream slurried in the fluid; however precipitated solids can also deposit on the walls of the production equipment, which ultimately causes plugging and flow stoppage. Control of this blockage is the essence of "flow assurance". Solids control strategies involve keeping the system pressure and temperature in a region where the solids are unstable (thermodynamic control) or controlling the conditions of solids formation so that deposits do not form (kinetic control) or allowing solids to deposit, then periodically removing them (mechanical control).

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