8th caliph of Umayyad Caliphate, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

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Eighth caliph of Umayyad Caliphate, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

Asslamoalaikum sisters brothers friends and elders, we are discribing about the eighth caliph of Umayyad Caliphate, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, in this educational video. Discover his contributions and impact during his reign. Share this video to spread knowledge about this historical figure.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan was the eighth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 717 until his death in 720. He is credited to have instituted significant reforms to the Umayyad central government, by making it much more efficient and egalitarian. His rulership is marked by the first official collection of hadiths and the mandated universal education to the populace.

Umar was likely born in Medina around 680.[4][5] His father, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, belonged to the wealthy Umayyad clan resident in the city, while his mother, Layla bint Asim, was a granddaughter of the second Rashidun caliph Umar (r.?634–644).[6] His lineage from the much-respected Caliph Umar would later be much emphasized by historians to differentiate him from the other Umayyad rulers.[4]

At the time of his birth, another branch of the Umayyads, the Sufyanids, ruled from their capital Damascus. When the reigning Caliph Yazid I (r.?680–683) and his son and successor, Mu'awiya II (r.?683–684), died in quick succession in 683 and 684, respectively, Umayyad authority collapsed across the Caliphate and the Umayyads of the Hejaz, including Medina, were expelled by supporters of the rival caliph, the Mecca-based Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (r.?683–692). The Umayyad exiles took refuge in Syria, where loyalist Arab tribes supported the dynasty. Umar's grandfather, Marwan I (r.?684–685), was ultimately recognized by these tribes as caliph and, with their support, reasserted Umayyad rule in Syria.[7]

In 685, Marwan ousted Ibn al-Zubayr's governor from Egypt and appointed Umar's father to the province.[8] Umar spent part of his childhood in Egypt, particularly in Hulwan, which had become the seat of his father's governorship between 686 and his death in 705.[5] He received his education in Medina, however,[5] which was retaken by the Umayyads under Umar's paternal uncle, Caliph Abd al-Malik (r.?685–705), in 692.[9] Having spent much of his youth in Medina, Umar developed ties with the city's pious men and transmitters of hadiths.[5] Following the death of Umar's father, Abd al-Malik recalled Umar to Damascus, where he arranged Umar's marriage to his daughter, Fatima.[5] Umar had two other wives: his maternal cousin Umm Shu'ayb or Umm Uthman, the daughter of Shu'ayb or Sa'id ibn Zabban of the Banu Kalb tribe, and Lamis bint Ali of the Balharith. From his wives he had seven known children, as well as seven other children from concubines.[10]

According to the traditional Muslim sources, when Sulayman was on his deathbed in Dabiq, he was persuaded by Raja to designate Umar as his successor.[5][13][14][15] Sulayman's son Ayyub had been his initial nominee, but predeceased him,[16] while his other sons were either too young or away fighting on the Byzantine front.[14] The nomination of Umar voided the wishes of Abd al-Malik, who sought to restrict the office to his direct descendants.[5] The elevation of Umar, a member of a cadet branch of the dynasty, in preference to the numerous descendants of Abd al-Malik surprised these princes.[15] According to Wellhausen, "nobody dreamed of this, himself [Umar] least of all".[15] Raja managed the affair, calling the Umayyad princes into Dabiq's mosque and demanding that they recognize Sulayman's will, which Raja had kept secret.[15] Only after the Umayyads accepted did Raja reveal that Umar was the caliph's nominee.[15] Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik voiced his opposition, but relented after being threatened with violence.[15] A potential intra-dynastic conflict was averted with the designation of a son of Abd al-Malik, Yazid II, as Umar's successor.[14]

According to the historian Reinhard Eisener, Raja's role in the affair was likely "exaggerated"; "more reasonable" was that Umar's succession was the result of "traditional patterns, like seniority and well-founded claims" stemming from Caliph Marwan I's original designation of Umar's father, Abd al-Aziz, as Abd al-Malik's successor,[17] which had not materialized due to Abd al-Aziz predeceasing Abd al-Malik.[18] Umar acceded without significant opposition on 22 September 717

Allah Hafiz