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The ancient era, commonly referred to as antiquity, spans from the beginning of recorded history to the fall of the Roman Empire in the West in AD 476. This period is marked by the emergence of great civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Sumerians in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley civilization, and later the Greeks and Romans. These societies made significant contributions to various fields including art, architecture, philosophy, science, and politics, laying the foundational stones for Western civilization. The era is distinguished by remarkable achievements such as the construction of the Pyramids of Giza, the development of writing systems, the philosophical works of Plato and Aristotle, and the expansive empire of Rome. Antiquity is a testament to the ingenuity and creativity of early human societies, whose legacies continue to influence the modern world.

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