The Hebrew Worldview, Ep. 14: The Unacknowledged Son

Abraham had two sons, Isaac and Ishmael, but only one was by God's design. It is easy to dislike what happens to Ishmael and Hagar since they are essentially abandoned by their community, but Abraham's distrust of God had consequences. Nevertheless, since Ishmael was of Abraham's blood, he was still covered by the covenant promises. For that reason and for another important cosmological reason, he would grow into a great nation, and it is all covered in this episode.

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Recommended Sources:
Michael S. Heiser, The Unseen Realm; Supernatural; Angels; Demons; Reversing Hermon; and The Divine Council in Late Canonical and Non-Canonical Second Temple Jewish Literature, a dissertation.

Ronn A. Johnson, The Old Testament Background for Paul's Use of "Principalities and Powers," a dissertation.

Heiser, Michael S. “Divine Council.” Edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

Peterson, Brian Neil. “Nephilim.” Edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

Amar Annus, "On the Origin of the Watchers: A Comparative Study of the Antediluvian Wisdom in Mesopotamian and Jewish Traditions," Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 19.4 (2010), 277-320.

Faruq Zamani, Origin of the Nephilim in Mesopotamia

Harkins, Bautch, and Endres, The Watchers in Jewish and Christian Traditions

Pyles, Anthony R. “Abraham.” Edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

Magallanes, S. A. “Ishmael, Son of Abraham.” Edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

Dijkstra, M. “Ishmael.” Edited by Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Leiden; Boston; Köln; Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge: Brill; Eerdmans, 1999.

Douglas, J. D., and Merrill Chapin Tenney. New International Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1987.

Butler, Trent C. “Isaac, Son of Abraham.” Edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.