The Hebrew Worldview, Ep 8: The Apkallu and the Nephilim

Humanity returned to God after Cain and Abel. But that restoration of the creational intent was only momentary. Another fall intervened and sent humanity and creation spiraling back into evil and chaos.

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Recommended Sources:
Michael S. Heiser, The Unseen Realm; Supernatural; Angels; Demons; Reversing Hermon; and The Divine Council in Late Canonical and Non-Canonical Second Temple Jewish Literature, a dissertation.

Ronn A. Johnson, The Old Testament Background for Paul's Use of "Principalities and Powers," a dissertation.

Dunne, D. A. Neal & John Anthony. “Eden, Garden of.” Edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

Baez, Enrique. “Tree of Knowledge.” Edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

Heiser, Michael S. “Divine Council.” Edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

Peterson, Brian Neil. “Nephilim.” Edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2016.

Greenfield, J. C. “Apkallu.” Edited by Karel van der Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Leiden; Boston; Köln; Grand Rapids, MI; Cambridge: Brill; Eerdmans, 1999.

Amar Annus, "On the Origin of the Watchers: A Comparative Study of the Antediluvian Wisdom in Mesopotamian and Jewish Traditions," Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 19.4 (2010), 277-320.

Faruq Zamani, Origin of the Nephilim in Mesopotamia

Harkins, Bautch, and Endres, The Watchers in Jewish and Christian Traditions