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trusted to provide advice on political and cultural matters, or even were appointed to Westernize their countries. The distinction between formal and informal imperialism, however, becomes blurred when some of them became quasi-protectorates of one of the main imperial powers, Egypt being a case in point (Egypt became under ‘temporary’ British military occupation in 1882 and a proper protectorate between 1914 and 1922). Informal empires could also have internal colonialism in their own territories. Some of these problems will be further analyzed in Parts II and III of this book. Part II deals with informal imperialism, and Part III turns to the archaeology in the formal colonies.
In 1906 one of the first comprehensive histories of archaeology was published. Its author, the German professor Adolf Michaelis (1835–1910), as- assessed, in eleven extensive chapters, what he considered to be the most outstanding events of the history of the discipline. Italy and Greece received the most attention with nine chapters. Chapter 10 was devoted to ‘single discoveries in outlying countries’, in which Egypt, Babylon, Northern Africa and Spain were included. The work finished with some comments on the application of science to archaeology. Very little of the archaeology in the colonial world, that is, beyond classical Italy and Greece and Europe’s im- agined origins of civilization in Egypt and the Near East, formed part of Michaelis’ account. Antiquities in Asia (with the exception of its westernmost fringe), Australia, sub-Saharan Africa and America were ignored. Interest-