Switzerland - Pharaohs - Black Nobility - Nazi Templars - Octogon

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was conceived in July 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference; one of its principal architects was English economist John Maynard Keynes. In contrast to the vision of American and various other allied representatives -- notably American economist Harry Dexter White -- Lord Keynes intended the IMF as an expansion of the Bank for International Settlements [which is not accountable to any governments: it provides banking services only to central banks], established in 1930 under the guidance of Bank of England governor Montagu Norman and Hitler's future finance minister Hjalmar Schacht. The BIS itself was conceived by family-run "fondi", lending banks with a long tradition of playing both sides against the middle and taking over European ministries and governments by means of usury to use their armies to collect on further usury. In the late 1700s, the Genoese and the Venetian fondi created modern Switzerland as a bank with an army attached. It remains the fondi's stronghold.

All of the military, financial and social convulsions which have wracked Latin America, Africa, and later Southeast Asia since WWII have, as their model, a return to the genocidal empire building conditions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; and as their objective, a new division of the world into a "new world order", with national boundaries only a masquerade for the actual boundaries of the spheres of influence to be carved up like mafia turf according to which family controls which money laundering/lending operation, debt collection operation, etc..

Banking practices based upon speculation and usury are key to an understanding of modern politics, and underlie all other strategic political factors such as raw materials distribution, industrial development, or cultural and intellectual trends.

The fondi exist mainly out of the public spotlight. The evidence of their existence is the misery they leave in their wake.

The "fondo" is the collective financial interest of a "family" of the landed aristocracy, or a "family" of the rentier-financier aristocracy.

The fondo functions as a private bank; or a syndicate of several fondi may combine forces to create a jointly controlled private bank or insurance company. The characteristic activities of the fondi involve generating income from speculation on gains from the manipulation of commodity prices -- through monopolies -- over some portion of trade in a commodity, including raw materials and their means of transportation.
Syndicates of fondi greatly increase their power over society by financing the debt of government. If they are able to establish a relative monopoly of lendable currency, bullion or credit, the syndicate can dictate key policies of governments, including the appointments of government ministries.Thus they control policies on tariffs, taxation, public works, land concessions, special monopolies, and so on.