Aristotle & Aquinas - Christianity and the Rediscovery of Rational Thought

The Middle Ages, from the 5th to the 15thC is often characterised by a (supposed) lapse in scientific and philosophical progress.
However, during the High Middle Ages (1000-1300AD), the intellectual landscape of Europe was transformed through the rediscovery of ancient texts, most notably those of Greek philosopher Aristotle.
The significance of the rediscovery of Aristotle's texts is the role of his codified process of dialectic as a systematic tool for intellectual inquiry and problem-solving.

Aristotle’s works reintroduced the dialectical method to Western thought, leading to scholasticism, a method of critical thought which was a hallmark of the medieval universities.
Scholasticism is a method of learning more than a philosophy or a theology. It places strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions.
It sought to integrate the secular understanding of the ancient world with the dogma implicit in the revelations of Christianity.
The Scholastic Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) used it extensively in his “Summa Theologica” a comprehensive work of theology.
Thomas would pose a question, present objections to the Christian understanding of the issue, provide responses to these objections based on Aristotelian dialectic, and then synthesise the discussion to reach a conclusion.

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