Overview of the Brain, Hormones and Neurotransmitters: PACER Integrative Behavioral Health

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Overview of the Brain, Hormones & Neurotransmitters
Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes
PACER Integrative Behavioral Health
Objectives
 Review parts of the brain
 Get a general understanding of the most important hormones and neurotransmitters
Limbic System
 Is responsible for behavioral and emotional processes
 The limbic system and the frontal cortex have been implicated in nearly every mental and behavioral disorder due to their influence on hormones and neurotransmitters which impact appetite, GI motility, gut health, attention, concentration, energy, heart rate, impulsivity, inflammation, mood, pain tolerance, respiration and sleep.
Limbic System Components
 Hypothalamus regulates many autonomic processes (HPA, HPT, HPG axes)\
 It receives input from the vagus nerve which modulates the gut-brain axis
 The vagus nerve is the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system which controls mood, immune response, digestion, and heart rate. It establishes one of the connections between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract and sends information to the brain about the state of inner organs/physical health.
 Vagal tone is correlated with ability to regulate stress responses and can be influenced by breathing.
 Vagal tone can be improved through meditation and yoga which assists in the mitigation of mood and anxiety symptoms.

Limbic System Components
 Hypothalamus
 Has one of the highest densities of cytokine receptors which are stimulated by the HPA-Axis
 It also interacts with the pituitary gland to influence the endocrine system, via the adrenal glands (HPA), thyroid glands (HPT) and gonads (HPG) in order to regulate hormones and neurotransmitters.
 Hypothalamic neurons originate in the nose and respond to pheromones as well as other scents by sending a signal to the pituitary gland to which communicates with the adrenal glands, gonads and thyroid gland.
 Synthesizes vasopressin and oxytocin (both involved in bonding and social behavior)

Limbic System Components
 Amygdala
 Acutely involved in fear processing and initiation of the fear response
 Triggers the HPA-Axis related with a number of emotional processes
 It plays a primary role in processing of memories and the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events and responses including fear, anxiety, and aggression
 May be overactive in people with anxiety or PTSD
 Hippocampus
 Is connected to the amygdala
 Assists with learning and emotional memory formation
 Thalamus
 Is a “relay station” of sorts involved in sensory processing and adapting cognitive maps
 Also involved in regulation of circadian rhythms
Pituitary Gland
 Located behind your nose and attached to the hypothalamus
 The pituitary gland and adrenals both synthesize inflammatory cytokines which amplify and maintain elevated HPA activity during chronic inflammation
 Influences the release of growth and thyroid hormones, gonadal hormones, estrogen, testosterone and oxytocin, human growth hormone, and endorphins

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