The Bombing of Congo, a "Humanitarian Mission" Malcolm X Feb 14 1965

Operation Grandslam commenced in the mid-afternoon on 28 December 1962 after Thant's ultimatum that the gendarmerie back down by 15:00 went unanswered, kicking off "Round Three" of the fighting in Katanga

The initial attacks triggered the flight of 50,000 refugees, many towards the Rhodesian border, though most would quickly return.

In the first day, UN forces killed 50 Katangese gendarmes before securing downtown Élisabethville,[g] the local Gendarmerie headquarters, the radio station,[33] and Tshombe's presidential palace.

UN J 29 fighter jets in the Congo

Early on 29 December, the ONUC Air Division launched a surprise assault on the Kolwezi airfield. The J 29 fighter jets strafed with their 20mm cannons, as their 13.5mm rockets were inoperable in the overcast skies. Five fuel dumps and the local administrative building were destroyed.

Katangese Air Force Commander Jeremiah Puren had, however, managed to evacuate six Harvard trainers before the attack occurred.

Mercenary Jan Zumbach remained with the other portion of the air force in Portuguese Angola and did not intervene, infuriating Puren, who was ordered by General Muke to fall back to Jadotville. For the rest of the campaign most of the Katangese Air Force remained grounded, as Puren feared his Harvards would perform poorly against the UN's faster J 29 jets.

Anti-aircraft fire damaged three UN planes at Kolwezi, but their attacks nonetheless continued throughout the day and were extended to other Katangese airfields,[44] such as those at Kamatanda and Ngule.

Three further UN reconnaissance missions resulted in the destruction of six Katangese aircraft on the ground and one further kill, possibly in the air.

According to the UN, the air raids against the Kantangese Air Force were completed "without loss of life" on either side.

Destroying so much of the Katangese Air Force at the onset of the operation was key for the UN to succeed; if Katanga were able to launch coordinated air attacks against UN supply airlifts, Grandslam would likely fail.

At midday Ethiopian units advanced down the Kipushi road to sever the Katangese lines to Rhodesia.

Gendarmes were well positioned in wooded heights overlooking the route, but following heavy mortar bombardment they surrendered with little opposition. Irish troops, detailed for the purpose because they spoke English and could communicate with Rhodesian border guards, then passed through at night and seized the town of Kipushi without facing any resistance.

Gardiner, holding a press conference on the matter in Léopoldville, jubilantly declared, "[W]e are not going to make the mistake of stopping short this time. This is going to be as decisive as we can make it."

Tshombe ordered his troops to offer determined resistance to ONUC and threatened to have bridges and dams blown up if the operation was not halted within 24 hours.

By 30 December, all the objectives for the first phase of Operation Grandslam had been accomplished.

Major General Chand received a congratulatory telegram from Thant for the progress of UN forces.

#ONUC jet strafing and rocket attacks ended the following day, having successfully eliminated most of the Katangese Air Force

Phase II ....

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_...

http://www.africanconstitution.org/ho...

https://www.theafricareport.com/58653...

https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/oltm003who...

http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/artic...

https://www.afrikaiswoke.com/patrice-...

#OperationGrandslam #Katanga

#MalcolmX #MalcolmX58

#Verscheure #FransVerscheure

#AllenDulles #JosephIléo

#JosephKasavubu #JosephKasaVubu

#CongoCrisis #JosephMobutu

#PatriceLumumba #KasaVubu

#LucasSamalenge #Samalenge

Pan Afrikan Liberation

#MalcolmX #MalcolmX58

#PANAFRICANISM

#BlackMen #Spurling

#KevinSamuels #BlackWomen

#ebonymagazine #HARLEM

#BlackHistory

#BlackHistoryMonth

#AfricanHistory

#AfricanHistoryMonth

#UmarJohnson #Ifatunde

#ifatundeuniversity

#princeofpanafrikanism