The Guns of Mill Springs Civil War Battlefield, How the weapons influenced the battle

The Battle of Mill Springs took place on January 19th 1862 between Union and Confederate troops and was one of the first victories of the American Civil War for the Union Army. In late December 1861 Confederate troops under the command of Brigadier General Felix Kirk Zollicoffer.

One of the big influences of the battle was the type of weapons used by the opposing armies. The confederate army was using smoothbore flintlock muskets. The Union was using rifled barreled firearms with a much more effective range.

The battlefield and related sits are located within driving distance of each other and there are signs telling some of the details of the location. Your first stop should be at the Welcome Center to pick up a map and some literature.

On January 19, 1862, Zollicoffer commanded a brigade in George B. Crittenden’s force attacking Thomas at Mill Springs near Logan’s Crossroads along the Kentucky-Tennessee border. Zollicoffer was mortally wounded in the confusion of the battle. His body was returned to Tennessee and was buried in Nashville.

Zollicoffer's men attacked on January 19th in the early morning mist and rain, and initially gained success against the Yankee regiments. Zollicoffer was killed as he conducted a reconnaissance on a road in front of his men. The sudden death of their commander and heavy fire from the Federals caused the center of the Confederate line to fall back momentarily in confusion.

The fighting raged at close quarters for over an hour until Thomas ordered the Union line to advance, overwhelming the Confederates who fled the field in disorder. The Federal victory at Mill Springs, the first significant Union victory of the Civil War, not only helped bolster sagging Northern morale but also helped to keep Kentucky more solidly in Union control.

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